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International Year of Millets 2023
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JANUARY 2023
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editor
Dr. Vijay Bharti
Dr. Umesh Singh
Professor (Agronomy) Water Management Research Centre Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agri. Sciences and Technology of Jammu (U.T. of J&K)
Assistant Professor (GPB) DKS College of Agriculture and Research Station, Alesur Bhatapara, Chhatisgarh
International Editor Dr. Bisheswar Prasad Yadav Director Directorate of Agricultural Research Province-2, Parwanipur, Bara Nepal
Editorial Board Dr. R. K. Singh
Dr. A. V. Dahiphale
Professor Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
Agronomist Central Experimental Station Wakawali, Dapoli Ratnagiri, Maharastra
Dr. Awani Kumar Singh
Dr. R. P. Sharma
Principal Scientist (Horticulture) Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology (CPCT) Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi
Senior Scientist-Soil Science Division of Soil Resource Studies ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Amrawati Road, Nagpur (MH)
Dr. Sandeep Kumar
Dr. Sunil Kumar Verma
Scientist (Seed Production) University Seed Farm, Ladhowal Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana
Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Alok Kumar
Dr. O. P. Garhwal
Senior Horticulture Officer National Horticulture Board Gurugram, Haryana
Associate Professor (Horticulture) Rajasthan Agri. Research Institute Durgapura, Jaipur (SKN Agri. University, Jobner)
Dr. Prafulla Pralhadrao G.
Dr. Aniruddh Pratap Singh
Associate Professor (Seed Pd. Officer) AICRP-NSP-Breeder Seed Production Unit, Central Demonstration Farm Dr. PDKV, Wani Rambhapur Akola, Maharastra
Assistant Professor-cum-Jr. Scientist Olericulture and Floriculture Nalanda College of Horticulture Noorsarai, Bihar
Dr. Anuradha Saha
Dr. Vikram Kumar
Chief Scientist (Agronomy) AICRP (Rice) Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agri. Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Scientist-B Central Silk Board, MESSO P-3 Seed Station, Rompara Resubelpara, North Garo Hills Meghalaya
Dr. Pravin Kumar Upadhyay
Dr. Vinay Pratap Singh
Scientist Division of Agronomy ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Assistant Professor Department of Plant Physiology College of Agriculture, Ganj Basoda JNKVV, Jabalpur
Dr. A. L. Jat
Dr. Shruti Godara
Assistant Research Scientist Division of Agronomy Oilseed Research Station, SDAU Sardarkrushinagar, Palanpur Gujarat
Scientist-B, Biotechnology Forest Research Institute (FRI) Dehradun
Dr. Devi Lal Bagadi
Dr. Kumari Sunita
Plant Physiologist AICRP on Arid Zone Fruits SKN College of Agriculture Jobner (Rajasthan)
Assistant Professor Department of Botany Dean Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur (U.P.)
Dr. Mukul Kumar
Dr. Manish Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor-cum-Jr Scientist Department of Biochemistry & Crop Physiology, M. B.A.C., Agwanpur Bihar Agricultural University Sabour
Assistant Professor Department of Vegetable Science College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (U. P.)
Mr. Kamlesh Meena
Dr. Manoj Kumar Sharma
Subject Matter Specialist Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR-IIVR) Deoria, Uttar Pradesh
Assistant Professor Department of Plant Physiology SKN College of Agriculture Jobner (Rajasthan)
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar
Dr. B. L. Dudwal
Agricultural Economist Department of Economics and Sociology College of Basic Sciences & Humanities Punjab Agricultural University
Assistant Professor SKN Agriculture University Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Dr. Swarnali Duary
Dr. Chenesh Patel
Assistant Professor (Agronomy) MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University, Gajapati Odisha
Department of Entomology GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
Dr. Vinod Bhateshwar
Dr. Amit Kumar
Assistant Professor (LPM) Department of Agriculture Vivekananda Global University Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Assistant Professor (Entomology) GLA University, Mathure Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Monalisa Sahoo
Dr. Vikash Kumar
Assistant Professor (Agronomy) MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University, Gajapati Odisha
Assistant Professor (Agronomy) GLA University, Mathure Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Anurag Kumar
Mr. Rahul Mishra
Assistant Professor (GPB) MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture Shoolini University, Solan (H.P.)
Scientist ICAR-IISS, Bhopal
Dr. Arjun Lal Ola
Dr. Vijaykumar
Assistant Professor (Vegetable Science) Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi
Assistant Professor Livestock Research and Information Centre (Deoni) Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries University, Bidar
Mr. Avinash Kumar
Ms. Kawaljeet Kaur
Research Scholar Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa Bihar
Assistant Professor (Soil Science) CT Group of Intuitions Jalandhar, Punjab
Dr. Rajeev Kumar Srivastava Mr. Avinash Kumar Assistant Professor - cum - Scientist Research Scholar Agronomy, Dr. RPCAU, Pusa Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Samastipur, Bihar Agricultural University, Pusa Bihar
Founder and Managing Editor Dr. Kartikeya Choudhary Assistant Professor (Agronomy) MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture Shoolini University, Solan (H.P.)
Dr. Madhuri Arya Assistant Professor - cum - Scientist PBG, Dr. RPCAU, Pusa, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar
Co-founder Dr. Anoop Kumar Devedee Assistant Professor Division of Agronomy Dean Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, U.P.
Content Editors Dr. Mehjabeen
Ms. Aparnna V.P.
Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar
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Reviewers Dr. Ranjeet Singh Bochalya Division of Agronomy SKUAST-Jammu Dr. Deepak Katkani Mahyco Mr. Peeyush Kumar Jayaswal Research Scholar Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi Mr. Gaurav Prakash Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry Agriculture University, Kota Dr. Shivam Kumar Singh Department of Horticulture PG College, Ghazipur Mr. Rajkumar Jakhar Research Scholar Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU Mr. Mahendra Kumar Research Scholar JNKVV, Jabalpur Mr. Deepak Kumar Yadav Agriculture Technical Assistant, Mirzapur (U.P.) Mr. Nanu Ram Sharma Department of Entomology SKRAU, Bikaner Mr. Dodiya Ravi Kumar Dhirubhai Department of Entomology Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
Mrs. Manju Netwal Department of Horticulture SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner Mr. Om Prakash Jitarwal Department of Horticulture CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana Mr. Aakash Research Scholar Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU Mr. Shankar Bijarnia Research Scholar SKRAU, Bikaner Mr. Nitin Yadav Research Scholar Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU Mr. Kartik Madankar Research Scholar Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU Mr. Ayush Bahuguna Assistant Development Officer Department of Horti. and Food Processing, Dehradun Mr. Bhagchand Yadav Department of Horticulture SKRAU, Bikaner Ms. Skikha Jain Research Scholar, Division of Fruit Science Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi Mr. Suresh Kumar fa*godia Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, SKNAU, Jobner
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© Author Disclaimer: The views expressed in the articles are those of the Authors/contributors and not necessarily of the Editor, editorial board and publisher. Editorial board invites original unpublished articles, case studies and success stories from all functional area of Agriculture and Allied Sciences. Authors/contributors are themselves responsible for any kind of Plagiarism found in their articles and any related issues. Also, it is assumed that the articles have not been published earlier and are not being considered for any other magazine/journal/book.
ISSN: 2583-1755 Volume : 2, ISSUE : 3 January, 2023 Publication Schedule : Monthly All Correspondence Should be Address to The Managing Editor Dr. Kartikeya Choudhary The Agriculture Magazine
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Letter from Editor-in-Chief
Dear Readers Happy New Year 2023 This year we are initiating a new feature in “The Agriculture Magazine-A Monthly Peer Reviewed Magazine for Agriculture and Allied Sciences” which is letter from Editor-in Chief. This would apprise our esteemed readers and subscribers about the burning issues and highlights in agriculture sector. In this issue we will discuss about millets. World is celebrating 2023 as the International Year of the Millets and during the year, efforts would be made to promote this superfood. Millets are a groups of cereal food grain crops which are profusely seeding, adapted to wide range of climatic conditions and can be grown with very low inputs. Millets were the first crops to be domesticated by the mankind in Asia and Africa. These are termed as nutricereals contributing substantially for food and nutritional security. They form staple diet for millions of people residing in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world and are sometimes referred to as famine crops as they are the only crops that assure yields in such situations. They are also called as orphan crops as they are the last option for cultivation. Major millet crops include sorghum (jowar) or great millet (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet/bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), finger millet/ragi/mandua (Elusine corocona), foxtail millet/kangni/Italian millet (Setaria italica), little millet/kutki (Panicum miliare), kodo millet/kodo (Paspalum scobiculatum), barnyard millet/sawan/jhangora (Echinochloa frumentacea), proso millet /cheena/ common millet/barri (Panicum miliaaceum) and brown top millet/korale (Brachiaria ramosa). In certain countries of Africa, other millets such as fonio and teff are also grown. Now-a-days, these neglected crops are important by virtue of their contribution to the means of livelihood and nutritional security of the poor. Also, they are included in category of superfoods as they have low glycemic index which is useful for diabetic patients. Inspite of the immense benefits, their consumption has decreased significantly. Creation of demand for millets and value addition at farm level will boost the millets cultivation and improve the farmer’ income. Millet crops now stands at critical juncture and there is need to provide fillip to these “Miracle Nutri - Cereals” Dated 27th Jan, 2023
(VIJAY BHARTI)
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Volume-2, Issue-3, January 2023
The Agriculture Magazine Volume 2, Issue 3, January 2023
SI. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
CONTENTS bcbxcbbb Titles & Authors
Page No.
Sustainable Agriculture with Botanical Insecticides Shraddha Sunil Dahivalkar Quinoa (Chinopodium quinoa willd.): Nutrition Basket of the 21st Century Vinay Kumar, Rajesh Arya, Amit and Rohit Kumar Custard Apple Diseases and their Management Sushila Yadav, Pinki Sharma, Kiran Kumawat, Astha Sharma and Pooja Yadav Advancement of Plant Breeding using Bio-informatical Techniques Anupam Tripathi, Kiran Vishwakarma, Basavaraja, T., Jyoti Singh, C. M. Singh and Antara Das Sustainable Agriculture: Principles, Advantages and Disadvantages Indar Raj Naga, Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya, Basant fa*geria and Dilip Choudhary Relevance of Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) in Agriculture Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga, Dilip Choudhary, Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi How to Achieve Agriculture Sustainability Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya, Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga, Dilip Choudhary and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi Hydroponics in the Future of Agriculture Dilip Choudhary, Lila Ram Chandrawanshi, Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga and Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya Role of Secondary Nutrient “Sulphur” in Oilseed Crops Veerendra Kumar Patel, Vivek Kumar Singh and Anisha Jendre Virus-Vectors Relationship Kiran Kumawat, Indar Raj Naga, Pinki Sharma and Sushila Yadav Trackling the Price Volatility in Agricultural Markets Pynbianglang Kharumnuid and N. K. Pandey Biofertilizers: Achieving Sustainable Food Production Gourisankar Pradhan, Anurag Upadhyay and Nihal Chandra Mahajan Agriculture Marketing P. Smriti Rao, Ashish David and Princy Charan Black Rice: An Underutilized Crop in India Dr. Ashok S. Dambale and Dr. Jogesh Goswami Nematode as Bioindicator in Ecosystems R. D. Dodiya and N. P. Pathan Marketing Opportunities of Non Timber Forest Products Tulika Kumari, Ritambhara Singh, R.K. Meena and Rashmi Sinha An Analysis of MicrofinanceSector in India Rashmi Sinha, Tulika Kumari and R.K. Meena Biopesticides: Novel Tools for Pest Management Mrs. Mahendra and Rukshana Amaranthus and its Nutritional Value Vinay Kumar Shelter Management of Dairy Animals for Profitable Dairy Farming Asif Mohammad
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1-3 4-6 7-9 10-15 16-18 19-21
22-23
24-26 27-28 29-31 32-33 34-36 37-40 41-44 45-47 48-50 51-53 54-57 58-59 60-62
The Agriculture Magazine Volume 2, Issue 3, January 2023
CONTENTS SI. No. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Titles & Authors
Page No.
Bio-pharming and Food System: Exploring the Potential Benefits and Hazard M. K. Ghasolia, S. S. Rajput and A. K. Meena Integrated Pest Management of Aphids, Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon pisum in Lentil Crop (Lens culinaris Medikus) Ashutosh Singh Aman, Arun Kumar, Pawan Kumar, Pramod Kumar Mishra and Naval Datt Egg Parasitoid: Major Group of Natural Enemies in Pest Control Mrs. Mahendra and Dr. V. S. Acharya Sticky Trap: A Better Alternative to Insecticides Sushanta Sarkar Modern Cultvation of Carrot Crop (Daucus carota) in India: An Overview Rajat Rajput, Satyarath Sonkar, Vikash Patel and Arun Kumar Precision Agriculture: A New Dimension of Indian Agriculture Anuj Kumar, Devi Lal Kikraliya, Ram Singh Choudhary and Narendra Padra Acid Soils: Nature and Management Yash Vardhan Singh, Sachin Kumar Gurjar and Anis Dhakar Components of Organic Farming Yash Vardhan Singh, Sachin Kumar Gurjar and Anis Dhakar Natural Farming: The Vision Kriti Sharma and Ritu Sharma Soil Conditioners: An Introduction Kriti Sharma and Ritu Sharma Essentiality of Millets for Our Upcoming Generations Krishna Kumar Patel, Ajay Kumar Baheliya, Gaurav Singh and Veerendra Singh Biotechnology and Disease Management, Development of Disease Resistance Plants using Genetic Engineering Approaches Pinki Sharma, Sushila Yadav, Kavita Kasotia and Kiran Kumawat Recurrent Selection: An Overview Kavita, Naresh and Lalit Kumar How Can Women Reduce Stress during Menopause? Y. D. Haritha Super Foods or Super Hypes Dr. Pretty Rani, Ms. Alam Prashanthi and Dr. R. Geetha Reddy Commodity Markets in India: A Review M. Uday Bhaskar and Dr. R. V. Sujatha Potential Varieties of Field Pea: Current Scenario and Future Outlook in India A. K. Parihar and G. P. Dixit Learning Process Vishal Yadav, Dr. R. K. Doharey and Dr. Sanjeev Atrey Bio-fortification in Horticultural Crops Pankaj Kumar Ray and Pallavi Bharti Innovative Appraoches for Soil Health Pallavi Bharti and Pankaj Kumar Ray
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63-66 67-70 71-75 76-78 79-84 85-91 92-96 97-100 101-104 105-109 110-112 113-117 118-121 122-124 125-126 127-129 130-138 139-142 143-144 145-146
The Agriculture Magazine Volume 2, Issue 3, January 2023
CONTENTS SI. No. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
Titles & Authors
Page No.
Organic Waste Recycling: A Potential Means to Enhance Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Crop Productivity Aanchal, Sanjay K Sharma and Narender K Sankhyan Sclerotinia Stem Rot: A Major Concern for Mustard Growers Naresh, Mahavir Bishnoi and Kavita Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme Smita Singh, Dr. N. R. Meena and Shyam Ji Major Insect Pests of Mustard and their Mangement Nanu Ram Sharma, Manoj Kumar Gurjar and Bablu Sharma Aerobic Rice Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Scenario of Canola Quality Breeding and Strategies to Promote its Cultivation in India Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Heat Stress and its Implications on Indian Mustard Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Millets: Food of the Future Mandakranta Chakraborty and Supriya Debnath Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: A Paradigm Radical Alteration of Farmers’ Lives Monica K Dhawan AI and IoT Based Smart Irrigation Management Saurabh Thakur, Sanjeev Kumar Sandal and Narender Kumar Sankhyan Soil Microorganism and their Role Sudhanshu Singh, Deshans Chaudhary and Sandeep Kumar Verma New Fertilizer Materials in Agriculture Bhagyashree Phogat, B. Soujanya and Abhijeet Purohit Iron Toxicity Tolerance Mechanism in Rice Bhagyashree Phogat, Sonu and Ravina Beniwal Digital Twins in Smart farming Dr. Atin Kumar and Himani Sharma Important Ornamental Indoor Foliage Plants in India Rosalind Lallawmzuali and Arun Kumar Pal Future Thrust on Biofortification Ram Singh Choudhary, Dr. Virendra Singh, Dr. M. K. Sharma and Dr. L. K. Meena Role of Cyber Extension in Terms of Health and Nutrition for Rural Adolescent Girls Dr. Jyoti Rajvi Safe and Judicious Use of Pesticides on Crops Ramgopal Dudwal, Jugal Kishor Bana, Sandeep Kumar Choudhary and Amit Kumar Yadav Processing and Utilization of Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) Fruit Deepali Bajpai, Richa Singh, Priyanka Patel, Subrata Sharma and Shashi Gour Major Nematodes Problem in Horticultural Crops in India Sharmishtha Thakur and Priyanka Duggal
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147-150 151-153 154-157 158-161 162-163 164-167 168-169 170-173 174-175 176-178 179-182 183-185 186-188 189-191 192-196 197-200 201-205 206-208 209-211 212-214
The Agriculture Magazine Volume 2, Issue 3, January 2023
CONTENTS SI. No. 61. 62. 63. 64.
65.
Titles & Authors
Page No.
Beneficial Nematodes for Agriculture Sharmishtha Thakur and Priyanka Duggal Relationship of Herbicide with Tillage, Fertilizer and Irrigation Sandeep Kumar Verma, Aparna Verma, Gaurav Shukla and Vivek Pandey Neera: A Potential Natural Health Drink Kumari Punam Pallavi Production Technology of Underutilized and Underexploited Vegetable Crop (Ivy Gourd) Ankit Kumar Yadav, Ashish Yadav, Yougendra Singh, Sunil Yadav and Jitendra Choudhary Success Story Entrepreneurship in Vermicompost Production for Better Income and Livelihood Dr. Sharwan Kumar Yadav
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215-217 218-221 222-224 225-230
231-233
Sustainable Agriculture with Botanical Insecticides Shraddha Sunil Dahivalkar poor stability and other technological issues. In this
Introduction In nature more than 2,400 plant species are
backdrop, the present work discusses perspectives
reported to have pesticidal properties. Recent
for the use of compounds of botanical origin, as well
decades have witnessed major growth in the use of
as strategies employing the encapsulation techniques
agrochemicals worldwide for maximizing the food
that can contribute to the development of systems for
production for a rapidly growing human population.
use in sustainable agricultural practices.
However, the indiscriminate use of these substances
Plant Family
especially the pesticides has led to the accumulation
Meliaceae Myrtaceae Asteraceae Euphoirbiaceae Leguminosae Fabaceae
of toxic residues in food, air, soil and water, as well as the development of resistance in pests. Moreover, pesticides affect soil enzymes, which are essential catalysts that govern soil quality. In order to meet the
Number of Plants having Pesticidal Property More than 500 72 70 65 60 55
Neem Tree Azadirachta indica, Neem is an Indian and a
food security, it is necessary to produce more food, sustainably and safely, in a diminishing area of
Burma
native.
A
available arable land and with decreased water
Melantriol, Salannin, Nimbin and Nimbidin are the
resources. Given this situation, there is an increased
active
interest in the use of alternative substances to
tetranotriterpenoid (limonoid) group. Azadirachtin,
synthetic agrochemicals that present less risk to the
which is present in seeds and leaves and ranges from
environment and human health while increasing the
2-4 mg g-1 of Kernal, is the key active ingredient with
food safety. Promising results have been obtained
possible insecticidal activity present in Neem. There
using compounds derived from aromatic plants for
are several stereoisomers in Azadirachtin, but 7
the control of agricultural pests. Such compounds of
stereoisomers, namely AZA (A-G), have been
botanical origin can be highly effective, with
identified so far. 85 percent of Azadirachtin A is
multiple mechanism of action, while at the same time
followed by almost 14 percent of Azadirachtin B.
having low toxicity towards (Beneficial) non-target
Neem has different effects on insects, viz.,
organism. However, the large-scale application of
antifeedant action, regulatory activity of insect
these substances for pest control is limited by their
growth inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis, deterre-
ingredients
mixture
and
all
of
Azadirachtin,
belong
to
Shraddha Sunil Dahivalkar Senior Research Fellow (NICRA Project), Department of Entomology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
the
nt oviposition, repellent action, adult life span
sunlight rapidly. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a
reduction and intermediates are formed, giving rise
widely used synergist for pyrethrin synergies. Kenya
to intermediates for larval-pupal, nymphal-adults
is the biggest pyrethrum manufacturer.
and pupal-adult. Neem-based goods are Ultra Violet
Nicotine
light, i.e. de 43 grade when exposed to sunlight.
Nicotine, Nicotiana tobaccum and N are
Different concentration of Azadirachtin ranging
derived from tobacco plants. To the degree of 2-8
from 300 ppm (0.03%) to 50000 ppm (5%) viz.,
percent rustica (Solonaceae). In the nerve synapse,
Azadirachtin 0.15% EC, Azadirachtin 0.3% EC,
action mimics acetylcholine, inducing tremors, lack
Azadirachtin 1% EC, Azadirachtin 5% Neem extract
of control, and ultimately death. It is highly fast-
concentration containing both neem seed kernel
acting, causing serious nervous system damage and
based EC formulation and Neem oil based EC
collapse. It is used in greenhouses for fumigation.
formulations have been registered and being used in
This functions as a contact poison. It is successful
agriculture for various insect pests management viz.,
against sucking pest like thrips, mealy bugs, leaf
sucking pest complex (thrips, aphids, jassids, white
hoppers and leaf miners. Commercially sold as a
flies) in tomato, cotton, brinjal, okra, H.armigera in
fumigant (Nicotine) or as a dust (Sulphate of
cotton, tomato, Bengal gram, stem borer and leaf
nicotine). It is available on the market as a 40%
folder in rice, red spider mites in tea etc.
nicotine sulphate (Black Leaf 40) and is only
Pyrethrum
produced for export purposes in India.
Pyrethrum refers to powdered Chrysan-
Rotenone
themum cinerarifolium dried bulbs. Both the
It is a resin produced from the roots of
poisonous elements in the pyrethrum flower are
Lonchocarpus spp., a legume herb. Derris eliptica
“Pyrethrins” and the synthetic pyrethrin analogue is
(Malaysia) and (South American plant). It’s a wide
“Pyrethroid.” Chrysantheum cinerarifolium comes
contact spectrum and stomach poison. In insects, it
from the hills of Dalmatia, Croatia. Pyrethrins are
damages nerve and muscle cells and rarely causes
esters formed by the addition of two acids, namely
insects to stop feeding. Respiratory metabolism is
pyethrolone, cinerolone and jasmolone, which are
hindered. It is used as a 0.75-1.5 percent rotenone
chrysanthemic acid and pyrethric acid with three
containing dust and is effective against beetles and
alcohols. Pyrethrin 1, cinerin 1, jasmolin 1 are the
caterpillars.
esters of chrysanthemic acid which are collectively
Limonene and Linalool
known as pyrethrins 1. The mode of operation of
These are extracts from citrus peel that
Pyrethrins is similar to DDT and has a knock down
induce insect paralysis. In the environment, they
effect of quick acting. It breaks down from the
evaporate easily and are used to combat aphids, mites
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Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Table 1: Botanical insecticides and field pest controlled in crops Sr. No. 1.
Plant Name
Product/ Trade Name Rotenone
Group/ Mode of action Insecticidal
Pyrethrum/ Pyrethrins
Insecticidal
Targets
3.
Lonchocarpus spp. Derris eliptica Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium Azadirachta indica
4.
Nicotiana tabacum
Azadirachtin/ neem oil, neem products, Bionimbecidine Nicotine
5.
Citrus trees
d-Limonene Linalool
Repellent, Antifeedent, Nematocide, Anti-fungal Insecticidal, Anti-fungal Contact poison
6.
Shoenoculon officinale Ryania speciosa
Sabadilla dust
Insecticial
Ryania
Insecticidal
2.
7.
Aphids, bean leaf beetle, cucumber beetles, red spider mite, leafhopper Crawling and flying insects such as co*ckroaches, ants, mosquitoes, termites Nematodes, sucking and chewing insects (Caterpillars, aphids, Maize weevils) Aphids, mites, bugs, fungus, gnat, leafhoppers Fleas, aphids, mites, paper wasp, house cricket Bugs, caterpillars, blister beetles, flies, potato leafhopper Caterpilars, bugs, beetles, aphids
and fleas.
use of biopesticides for integrated pest
Ryanodine
management. Philosophical Transactions of
It is an alkaloid originating from the Ryania speciosa (Flacourtaceae) woody stems of southern
the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 366(1573): 1987-1998.
American shrubs. Activity: By preventing the
Copping, L. G. and Menn, J. J. (2000), Biopesticides:
conversion of ADP to ATP in striated muscles,
a review of their action, applications, and
ryanodine serves as muscular toxin. It acts as slow
efficacy. Pest Management Science, 56(8):
release stomach poison and causes insects to stop
651-676.
feeding after they eat it. It is reportedly effective
Reddy, D. S. (2018) Applied Entomology.
against thrips and worms. It is used as dust (20-40
Gupta, S. and Diksh*t, A. (2010), Biopesticides: an
percent).
eco-friendly approach for pest control.
Sabadilla
Journal of Biopesticides, 3(1): 186-188.
It is an alkaloid detected in the seeds of the
Mazid, S., Kalita, J. C., Rajkhowa, R. C. (2011), A
Schoenocaulon officinale (Liliaceae) tropical lily.
review on the use of biopesticides in insect
Cevadine and veratridine, the major alkaloids, serve
pest management. International Journal of
as nerve poisons. It is a contact poison, mainly.
Science and Advanced Technology, 1(7):
Sabadilla is toxic to honey bees (pollinators).
169-178
References Chandler, D., Bailey, A. S., Tatchell, G. M., Davidson, G., Greaves, J. and Grant, W. P. (2011). The development, regulation, and E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Quinoa (Chinopodium quinoa willd.): Nutrition Basket of the 21st Century Vinay Kumar, Rajesh Arya, Amit and Rohit Kumar 2014). Quinoa is known as the “mother grain” due to
Introduction Quinoa (Chinopodium quinoa willd.) is
its high nutritional value as it has high protein
called the mother of all cereals. It is a pseudocereal
content and presence of all the essential amino acids
crop originating from the Andean region (South
like lysine that is deficit in cereals and sulphur
America). It is an herbaceous annual plant of the
containing amino acids that are deficit in pulses. It
chenopodiaceae family, chenopodium genus and
contains amino acids called tryptophan and lysine in
quinoa specie. Its main producing countries are
high amounts, which are found in very small
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Chile. Nowadays, it is
amounts in other commercial grown grains. United
known as South America, USA. It is also grown in
Nation of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
China, Europe, Canada and India. In India, Quinoa is
declared the year 2013 as the “International Year of
mainly grown in Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Quinoa” due to its high nutritional quality and rich in
Rajasthan, Punjab, Telangana etc. and the results of
quantity. The quinoa grain is the only vegetable food
the field tests done at Chaudhary Charan Singh
that provides the right combination of the eight
Haryana Agricultural University estimated that it can
necessary amino acids essential to human life in
be grown in Haryana in Rabi season.
optimal proportions and is similar to milk, according
Today, only four crops, rice, maize, wheat,
to a report by the United Nations Organization for
and potato, generate more than 60% of the calories
Agriculture and Food. Quinoa also contains
consumed by humans. This dramatic fall in the food
carbohydrate
basket had a detrimental effect on dietary diversity
percent) and oil (5.2-9.7 percent). Oil composition of
and nutrition security, which led to health issues
quinoa seed is remarkable due to its profile, which
including micronutrient deficiencies or “hidden
shows high amount of linolenic acid (48.2-56.0
hunger.” Therefore, it is imperative to integrate a
percent), oleic acid (24.5-26.7 percent) and palmitic
much wider diversity of crop species into the current
acid (9.7-11.0 percent). Quinoa grain also consist of
agricultural system. “Neglected and Underutilized
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) such as α-
Crops” or “Orphan Crops” can be an effective
linolenic acid (3.8-8.3 percent) in their seed, which
solution for the aforementioned issues (Amaya et al.,
is very helpful in curing diseases like cancer, osteop-
(60-70
percent),
protein
(12-19
Vinay Kumar, Rajesh Arya and Amit Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar
Rohit Kumar Department of Nematology, CCS HAU, Hisar
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orosis, cardiovascular, autoimmune and inflame-
Quinoa's saponin content has been reported
mation.
to be lower than that of soybeans and other legumes.
Vitamins and minerals
The saponin content of quinoa grain ranges between
Vitamins A, B, C and E are also abundant in
0.1 and 5%. Usually, quinoa seed also contains
quinoa. Thiamin (0.29-0.38 mg), Riboflavin (0.30-
saponins which are present in sweet quinoa (0.02-
0.39 mg), Niacin (1.06-1.52 mg), Pyridoxine (0.487
0.04 percent) and in bitter quinoa (0.47-1.13
mg), Beta Carotene (0.39 mg), Folate (0.781 mg),
percent). The emphasis has now shifted to exploring
Alpha Tocopherol (5.37 mg) and Ascorbic Acid (4.0
high-quality substitute foods, such pseudocereals,
mg) in 100 g seed, respectively. The mineral content
which are bountiful in saccharides (starch and fibre),
of quinoa grains is higher than that of wheat, rice and
proteins (with a perfect balance of key amino acids),
corn and includes minerals like Fe (9.47 mg), P (406
lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
mg), Ca (87 mg), K (907 mg), Mg (362 mg), Zn (2.15
Health benefits of Chenopodium quinoa
mg), Cu (7.84 mg), and Na (20 mg) in 100 g seed of
Quinoa has a high health potential due to its
quinoa (Nowak et al 2016).
remarkable nutrient composition. Presence of high
Antioxidants
protein content and richness of bioactive compounds natural
make quinoa an interesting dietary source with health
antioxidants such as α- tocopheral (5.3 mg), γ-
benefits. It is helpful as it act as anti-inflammatory,
tocopheral (2.6 mg) in 100 g seed and phyto-
anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, safe for celiac
estrogens, which help prevent chronic illnesses such
patients
as osteoporosis, breast cancer, heart disease, and
Chenopodium quinoa willd. seed consumption
other feminine issues caused by oestrogen deficiency
health benefits on human being.
Quinoa
additionally
contains
etc.
Figure
1.1
represents
overall
during menopause. Bioactive compounds The
bioactive
compounds
known
as
antinutritional factors, such as phytic acid, tannins, saponins, protease inhibitors, and raffinose family oligosaccharides, reduce the nutritional value of food by interfering with the digestion of minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates by forming crosslinkage bridges with macromolecules and preventing full nutrient absorption. Saponins have long been regarded as “antinutritional agents” in foods. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Fig. 1: Various health benefits of Chenopodium quinoa willd. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
References Amaya, K., Padulosi, S., Jager, M., Gotor, E., Rojas, W. and Valdivia, R. (2014). A Holistic Approach to Enhance the Use of Neglected and Underutilized Species: The Case of Andean Grains
in
Bolivia and Peru.
Sustainability, 6: 1283-1312. Nowak, V., Du, J. and Charrondiere, U. R. (2016). Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Chemistry, 193: 47-54.
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Custard Apple Diseases and their Management Sushila Yadav, Pinki Sharma, Kiran Kumawat, Astha Sharma and Pooja Yadav Introduction Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) is an edible tropical fruit, and is also called sugar apple or sweetsop. Custard apple belong to Annonaceae family. Although the exact original home of custard apple is still being debated, experts agree that its native habitat extends from Southern Central America to tropical South America. Custard apple is an extraordinary fruits loaded with fibers, minerals
with full of oil globules. Symptoms Infection begins at blossom-end of the fruit and later spreads on entire fruit surface, affected fruits shrivel and they may cling to the tree or fall down. Necrotic spots of on unripe fruits which turn into dark brown to black spots. Later, these spots coalesce later and cover entire fruit.
and vitamins. Custrad apple is high in fiber, which help digestion, prevents constipation and detoxifies our body. Sitafal contain many antioxidants (flavonoids, phenolic compound, kaurenoic acid and vitamin C) that fight free radicals associated with chronic
dsease
cancer
and
heart
disease.
Favourable condition
Antioxidants (lutein and carotenoid) also protect our
Wet and windy condition favour the disease
eyes from oxidative damage and lower the risk of age
Temperature 27-300 C Disease cycle
related macular degeneration. 1. Anthracnose and fruit rot: Colletotrichum gloeoporioides (Anamorphic stage), Glomerella cingulata (Telomorph stage) Pathogen description Hemibiotroph,
produces
hyaline
septate
branched mycelia, Fungus produces acervuli with black setae, conidia are single celled, hyaline, thin walled E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Sushila Yadav, Pinki Sharma and Kiran Kumawat Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur
Astha Sharma and Pooja Yadav Department of Plant Pathology, SKN College of Agriculture, SKNAU, Jobner
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Survival and spread Older fruits left on the trees provide inoculum for disease spread. Secondary spread through air borne conidia Management Use mulching under trees to reduce soil splash Regularly monitor the diseases band remove dead twigs and mummified fruits Prune trees 50 cm above the ground Spray carbendazim @ 0.1% or chlorothalonil @ 0.2% 2. Alternaria leaf spot - Alternara aternata Pathogen description Conidia is dark brown or olive brown in colour,
warm weather (12-25 ºC temp.) and intermittent rains favours disease. Survival and spread Primary spread : Through ascospore Secondary spread : Wind borne conidia Management Spraying of thiophenyte methyl 0.2% or pyraclostrobin and metiram 0.1%. 3. Cylindrocladium leaf spot: Cylindrocladium collounii Symptoms Upper: dark purple spots about 1 to 2 mm in diameter develop first on the shoulders of the fruit and then spread down the sides.
short beaked, borne in long chain, oval and bean
Spots enlarge and then later dry out and crack.
shaped with 3-5 transverse septa.
Similar in appearance to spotting bug damage,
Symptoms Small yellowish spots first appear along the leaf margins, which gradually enlarge and turn into
but spots are irregular in shape whereas spotting bug lesions are round, and damage does not extend very far into the fruit.
brownish patches with concentric rings. Severe infection leads to drying and defoliation. Dark brown-purplish patches appear on the infected fruits and rachis just below its attachment with the shoots. Management Spraying of carbendazim @ 0.1% Spraying of tebuconozole and mancozed @ 0.1% 4. Diplodia rot: Botrydiplodia theobromae Pathogen description Favourable condition Relative humidity above 70% coupled with E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Pycnidial fungi produce hyaline thin walled pycnidiospore which become brown, thick walled, Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
two celled with longitudinal striation
Symptoms
Symptoms
Irregularly shaped spots ranging from small
Diseased fruits show symptoms of purplish to
specks to large blotches.
black spots or blotches confined to the surface of
Spots have an indistinct ‘feathered’ edge.
the fruit and eventually covered with white
Tissue damage under the spots is no more than
mycelia and black pycnidia.
10 mm deep.
Diplodia rot is distinguished by its dark internal discolouration and the extensive corky rotting produces. The penetrated flesh eventually softens or hardens and cracks, depending on the presence of secondary microbes.
Favourable condition The disease is favored by extremely wet weather and cool to moderate temperatures (15ºC to 20ºC). When prolonged rainy periods exist in the spring and provide at least six hours of continuous
Favourable condition Optimum temperature is 25.9°C to 31.5°C and relative humidity is 80% Survival and spread The pathogen persists in infected plant parts
wetness Survival and spread Primary spread: Soil borne chlamydospores and dormant mycelium from plant debris Secondary spread: Wind borne conidia
which serve as source of inoculums.
Management
Management
Spraying of tricyclazole @ 0.1%
Spraying of carbendazim @ 0.1%
Spraying of pyrocostrobin @ 0.1%
Spraying of tebuconozole @ 0.1% Spraying of trifloxystrobin @ 0.1% or zineb @ 0.2% 5. Black canker: Phom*opsis annonacearum Pathogen description Mycelium is septate, pale brown colour Conidia is oblong and oval shaped E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Advancement of Plant Breeding using Bio-informatical Techniques Anupam Tripathi, Kiran Vishwakarma, Basavaraja, T., Jyoti Singh, C. M. Singh and Antara Das
Abstract
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary area of science composed of biology. Large volumes of data have been generated in agricultural science since the start of the genome sequencing of model organisms and the swift adoption of high throughput experimental techniques in laboratory research. Today's biological research starts computationally, using computers (In-silico) to analyze data, plan experiments, and develop hypotheses. Which is previously used to start in labs, on farms, or with plants. Bioinformatics develops algorithms and useful data analysis tools in order to ascertain the truth and make discoveries. It is possible to save, retrieve, analyze, annotate, and visualise the results of biological research when various bioinformatics techniques are employed, which contributes to a deeper understanding of biological systems. So, there will be a drastic change in plant health. We will directly benefit from food production and security for the future generation. Introduction
stress tolerance, and insect resistance, have been
Bioinformatics is a new way of developing
created as a result of these advancements.
innovative methodologies and various approaches to
Bioinformatics methods like image and signal
get desired information on the genes present in the
processing enable the extraction of meaningful
genome of a certain plant species. Nowadays, every
information from massive amounts of raw data in
major branch of biology uses bioinformatics, and
experimental molecular biology. Tools of bioinfor-
crop production has benefited from breakthroughs in
matics make available the genomic data of many
the field of agricultural genomics, which is a rich
organisms and plants to researchers, which is being
subject. Technological and application advance-
used to make crops resistant to different kinds of
ments have paved the way for advancement in crop
biotic and abiotic stresses. It gives us the opportunity
improvement, from reference genome sequencing to
to explore both the theoretical and applied aspects of
genotyping for genome-wide association studies to
computational biology, focusing on innovation in
genomic prediction. Elite cultivars with features that
agricultural crops. The Next Generation Sequencing
are agriculturally advantageous, such as high yield,
Era explores deep sequencing, genomics, transcript-
Anupam Tripathi, Kiran Vishwakarma, Basavaraja, T., Jyoti Singh and Antara Das ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
C. M. Singh Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh
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ome
analysis,
and
multiplexing,
highlighting
practices for reducing time, cost, and effort for the
BLAST, Tblastx, tblastn and Megablast. Cn3D: By this view 3D structures from NCBI's
analysis of genes.
Entrez retrieval service using a standalone
Why Bio-Informatics
programme. The majority of modern online
It supports the sequencing and annotation of
browsers can be configured to provide data to
genomes and their reported mutations in the fields of
Cn3D, which runs on Windows, Macintosh, and
genetics and genomics. It contributes to the
UNIX. Structure, sequence, alignment, and
establishment of biological and gene ontologies for
Cn3D's advanced annotation and alignment
the organization and interrogating of biological data,
editing tools are all displayed simultaneously.
as well as the textual mining of biological literature
Primer-BLAST: It is used to create PCR
and analysis of the regulation and expression of
primers for a sequence template, and the Primer-
DNA,
BLAST programme makes use of Primer3.
RNA,
and
proteins,
with
molecular
Primer3 is a programme that is frequently used to
interactions in structural biology. Bioinformatics tools are useful for comparing genetic and genomic data and, more generally, for thoughtful
evolutionary
aspects
of
molecular
generate PCR primers, hybridization probes, and sequencing primers. Taxonomy Explorer: The taxonomy tree can be
biology. It assists in the analysis and cataloging of
searched
the biological networks and pathways that are crucial
common names, wildcards, and names that are
to systems biology on a more integrated level.
phonetically related.
Tools of bio informatics BLAST: It stands for “Basic Local Alignment
using
partial
taxonomic
names,
Entrez: The efficient retrieval tool Entrez can find
related
sequences,
structures,
and
Search Tool, and is one of the most used bio
references. Views of gene and protein sequences
informatics tools. For the more significant
as well as chromosome maps can be found using
patterns in the sequences, BLAST is more time-
the Entrez system. Additionally, Entrez offers a
effective, but with comparative sensitivity. A
comparable user interface for searching each
sequence to search against and a query sequence
specific database and for modifying search
are both necessary for BLAST to function, as is
results.
a sequence database containing many such
PALI: It is an Indian database of phylogenetic
sequences. BLAST is used to compare gene and
relationships and sequence alignments that are
protein sequences to those in open data-
based on the 3D structures of hom*ologous
bases. Kinds of blast: nuclear-nucleotide BLAST
proteins.
(blastn), BLAST analysis of proteins (blast), PSIE-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
functional genomics resources, allowing us to better understand the molecular processes controlling plants' responses to stress. By detecting the stresstolerance genes and alleles, stress-tolerant cultivars can be created. To examine physiology, expression profiling, Fig. 1: Different types of BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) Use of bio-informatics in agriculture In the case of plant genetics, it is used to
comparative
S. No. 1. 2.
3. 4.
Targeted Plant Hordeum vulgare S. lycopersicon
Gene/Gene family MLA10 HsfA1
5.
A. thaliana S. lycopersicon A. thaliana
Hsp17.8
6.
A. thaliana
sHsp26
7. 8.
Zea mays Oryza Sativa
Hm1 & Hm2 Beta Carotene pathway genes
9.
Gossypiumm Spp., Solanum tuberosum, Zea mays
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
genes and metabolic pathways that are responsible
HsfA2e Hsp21
for the overall development of crop plants. It is used in agriculture science in the following ways: Management of biotic and abiotic stress To ensure that crops grow and develop while avoiding the significant agricultural production penalty, therefore, it is crucial to use bioinformatic methods to investigate and analyze how the transcriptome of plants responds to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, the use of bioinformatics tools
many
Table 1: Bio informatics approach in different crop spp.
it has given ample opportunity and made the research easy by providing the capacity to identify and target
genomics,
techniques have been created.
improve crops that generate food, fuel, fodder, or other goods, which is very challenging currently. But
and
Targeted Trait Fungal pathogens growth and fruit ripening processes under high temperature Thermotolerance Oxidative stress Heat, salt, osmotic, and drought stresses Seed maturation and germination, Heat stress Fungal pathogens (Golden Rice) Increment in β carotene(precursor of Vitamin-A) content of rice Plant resistance towards insect outbreak
on plants and crops can benefit the agricultural
Utilizing bioinformatics to investigate plant
community by locating the necessary gene among
pathogen resistance: The study of plant
the genomes of many species and explaining their
pathology is being significantly impacted by the
function on crops. A combination of omics research
latest DNA sequencing technology and advanced
can be used to understand how plants respond to
bioinformatics. These technologies are becoming
stress and how they adapt. Powerful computational
increasingly significant in research on the
pipelines, enabling its use in both model and non-
genomes, metagenomics, proteomics, metabol-
model plants. This produces a significant amount of
omics, and transcriptomics of the pathogen and
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the host plant. They are also very helpful in
groups
of
organisms.
To
determine
the
epidemiology and diagnostics, particularly with
evolutionary relationship, taxonomists employ a
regard to viruses.
variety of time-consuming anatomical tech-
Transcriptomics: The term “transcriptome”
niques. Phylogenetic trees are built using a
refers to the entire set of active genes and
variety of techniques in bioinformatics based on
mRNAs in a specific tissue at a specific moment.
the alignment of the sequences. Depending on
By facilitating researchers in more correctly
the different evolutionary lineages, different
determining
algorithmic techniques are established for the
quantitative
levels
of
gene
expression and in genome-wide association
creation of the phylogenetic trees that are used.
analyses, the application of bioinformatics in the
Improving Nutritional quality: Improving
field of transcriptomics helped to provide an
Nutritional Quality: The nutritional value of
additional dimension to existing genomic data.
plants also rises as a result of modifications to
Proteomics: In proteomics, proteins in cells and
their genomes. In this effort, achieving “golden
tissues are identified, described, and quantified.
rice” is a notable achievement. To increase the
Applications of bioinformatics in the field of
amount of Vitamin A in the crop, the genes are
proteomics included the analysis of amino acid
inserted into the rice genome. If the body
sequences, the detection of protein splice
experiences a vitamin A deficit, it could cause
variants, polymorphism, and post-translational
blindness, as vitamin A is a crucial component of
modifications.
the eyes. By giving people rice that has been
Metabolomics: Small-molecule metabolite and
genetically edited.
polymer analysis (usually high throughput or broad scale) is the focus of metabolomics. When used, metabolomics includes the identification and characterization of a wide variety of metabolites
using
quantitative
biochemical
analysis. The use of bioinformatics tools is crucial at every stage, from data collection to data storage, because metabolites ultimately represent a cell's dynamics. Studies on evolution and phylogenetics: Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary relationships between particular organisms or
Fig. 2: Development of Golden rice Mutational breeding for crop improvement using bioinformatics: Large sets of molecular markers are made available through the analysis of NGS data using bioinformatics advancements, which also enables the discovery of new genes
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and regulatory sequences as well as their
Gomez-Casati, D.F., Busi, M.V., Barchiesi, J.,
placement. Breeders are able to recognize the
Peralta, D.A., Hedin, N. and Bhadauria, V.
biological basis of complex phenotypes thanks to
(2018). Applications of Bioinformatics to
genome-wide
Plant Biotechnology. Current Issues in
expression
investigations.
TILLING and EcoTILLING are two genomic
Molecular Biology, 27: 89.
techniques that allow for the screening of mutant
Imran, M., Rizwan, M., Kerkhi, S. A. and Ali, N.
and germplasm collections for allelic variations
(2018). Bioinformatics for Crop Breeding and
in target genes. The generation of high-density
Sustainable Agriculture. Journal, 6(4): 1-5.
genetic maps or the genome-wide identification
Perez-de-Castro, A., Vilanova, S., Canizares, J.,
of markers suitable for high-throughput geno-
Pascual, L., M. Blanca, J., J. Diez, M.,
typing platforms, such as SSRs and SNPs, benefit
Prohens, J. and Pico, B. (2012). Application of
greatly from genome re-sequencing.
Genomic Tools in Plant Breeding. Current
Conclusion: Bioinformatics in agriculture research
Genomics, 13(3): 179-195.
offers a vast array of opportunities. Many genes and
Sanadya, S. K. and Sahoo, S. (2020). Bioinformatics
protein families that are not characterized in crops
Tools and Roles in Plant Breeding. Agrinenv.
must be collected using this ground-breaking
com, 30.
approach to preserve their roles. With the aid of this technology,
we
may
also
look
into
more
environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural production
methods
to
reduce
environmental
pollution in view of the changing climate. References
Sanseverino, W., Roma, G., De Simone, M., Faino, L., Melito, S., Stupka, E. and Ercolano, M.R. (2010). PRGdb: a bioinformatics platform for plant resistance gene analysis. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(suppl_1): D814-D821. Singh, V., Singh, A.K., Chand, R. and Kushwaha, C.
Alemu, K. (2015). The role and application of
(2011). Role of Bioinformatics In Agriculture
bioinformatics in plant disease management.
And Sustainable Development. International
Advances in Life Science and Technology, 28: 28-33.
Journal of Bioinformatics Research, 3: 221226.
Choubey, M., Lama, U., Chetri, P., & Bera, B.
Tan, Y.C., Kumar, A.U., Wong, Y.P. and Ling,
(2019). Application of phenomics, genomic
A.P.K. (2022). Bioinformatics approaches and
resources and bioinformatics tools for tea
applications in plant biotechnology. Journal
plant improvement. International Journal of
of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,
Agriculture and Innovative Research, 7: 6.
20(1): 1-13.
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15
Wani, M.Y., Ganie, N.A., Rani, S., Mehraj, S., Mir, M.R., Baqual, M.F. and Dar, K.A. (2018). Advances and applications of Bioinformatics in various fields of life. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 5(2): 03-10. Zaynab, M., Kanwal, S., Abbas, S., Fida, F., Islam, W., Qasim, M. and Tayab, M. (2017). Bioinformatics Tools in Agriculture: An Update. PSM Biological Research, 2(3): 111116.
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Sustainable Agriculture: Principles, Advantages and Disadvantages Indar Raj Naga, Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya, Basant fa*geria and Dilip Choudhary Defination: Sustainable agriculture is the successful
Goal of sustainable agriculture
management of resources for agriculture to satisfy
The
three
main
goals
of
sustainable
changing human need, while maintaining or
agriculture development are;
enhancing the quality of the environment and
Reducing the depletion of natural resources
conserving natural resources.
while making new advances.
The word sustain, from the latin sustinere
Creating a development that can be sustained and
(sus-, from below and tenere to hold), to keep in
maintained
without
existence or maintain, implies long-term support or
environment.
further
harm
to
the
permanence. It is the form of agriculture that mainly
Provide ways to recreate existing developments
focuses on producing long term crops and livestock
for environmentally friendly facilities and
while having less effect on the environment and
projects.
maintains a good balance between production and
Principles of sustainable agriculture
uses of resources.
Improving the efficiency in the use of the
It also helps to maintain economic stability and hence improves the standard life of farmers. It is
resources are crucial for the sustainability of the agriculture.
the integrated system of production practices that
Agriculture that doesn’t achieve to protect and to
aims to be sustained for a longer duration. In
improve the rural lifestyle and the social welfare
contrast, we can say that sustainability in agriculture
is unsustainable.
refers to
sustaining the productivity of
an
Sustainable agriculture and alimentation need
agroecosystem for an extended period of time by
responsible and effective governance mechanism
ensuring basic human needs.
The sustainable requires direct activities to
Key emerging themes in sustainable agriculture
preserve, protect and improve the natural
in India
resources.
1. Dependence on- farm labor
Strengthening
the
resilience
of
people,
2. Motivation
communities and ecosystems is essential for
3. Role of food and food security
sustainable agriculture.
Indar Raj Naga, Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya and Basant fa*geria Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Dilip Choudhary Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
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Reasons why sustainable agriculture is important 1. Stabilizes the food supply.
20. Multiple cropping. Benefits of sustainable agriculture
2. Conserves and protects water.
1. Environmental prevention.
3. Value diversity.
2. Protection of public health.
4. Nourishes and restores soil.
3. Sustaining vibrant communities.
5. Prevent pollution.
4. Upholding animal welfare.
6. Prevent soil pollution.
5. Production cost is low.
7. Better use of soil and land.
6. Overall risk of the farmer is reduced.
8. Contributes to environmental conservation.
7. Ensures both short and long-term profitability.
9. Protection against GMOs.
8. Maintain soil fertility.
10. Public health protection.
9. Maintain micro-organism population in soil.
Sustainable agriculture methods and practices in India
10. Maintain physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.
1. Permaculture.
11. Quality food production.
2. Biodynamic farming.
12. Provide job opportunity for family members.
3. Crop rotation and diversification.
13. Increase productivity.
4. Hydroponics and aquaponics.
14. Maintain soil pH.
5. Cover crops.
15. Saves energy for future.
6. Reducing or eliminating tillage.
16. Control of air pollution and soil erosion.
7. Climate resilience.
17. Social equality.
8. Urban agriculture.
18. Biodiversity conservation.
9. Integrated pest management.
19. More production.
10. Vermicomposting.
20. These can fetch the best prices in the market.
11. Growth of heirloom and older varieties.
21. This leads to enriched soil and also prevention
12. Conservation agriculture. 13. Agroforestry. 14. Precision farming. 15. Organic farming. 16. Mulching.
of the spread of diseases and pest outbreaks. 22. It does not advocate for the use of chemicals and commercials fertilizers. Disadvantage 1. Limited land use: The limited use of land,
17. Contour farming.
which makes it unsuitable for mass production,
18. No till farming.
is one of the significant drawbacks of
19. Intercropping.
sustainable agriculture.
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2. Labor-intensive.
Components of sustainable agriculture
3. Shorter shelf life. 4. Reviving soil's fertility takes a long time. 5. Water scarcity. 6. Loss of usable land. 7. High energy use. 8. Climate change. 9. Cost efficiency of sustainable practices. 10. Growing enough food. 11. Reviving soil’s fertility takes a long time. 12. It takes more work. 13. Less fertile lands. 14. Lower income. Need for adopting sustainable agriculture 1. Decline in factor productivity. 2. Increasing malnutrition. 3. Increasing environmental pollution. 4. Low farm income. 5. Increase cost of production. 6. Increase unemployment. 7. Decline in agriculture growth rate. 8. Static or decline in food production. 9. Depleting ground water table. Solutions to sustainable farming challenges 1. Creation of adequate policies and incentives. 2. Funding more research, development and innovation. 3. Providing financial aid to promote sustainable farming. 4. Innovative governance and mechanisms.
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Relevance of Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) in Agriculture Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga, Dilip Choudhary, Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi STCR approach is based on soil contribution
Introduction Fertilizer is one of the costliest inputs in agriculture and the use of right amount of fertilizer is
and yield level is used for recommending fertilizer dose.
fundamental for farm profitability and environmental
STCR approach appears to be a viable
protection. Imbalanced use of fertilizers by farmers
technology to sustain higher crop productivity and
not only reduces the yield of the crops but also
assure better soil quality under intensive agriculture
deteriorate the quality of soil and water resources.
system.
Soil test crop response (STCR) study based
Objectives of STCR
on soil test-based fertilizer recommendation should
1. To study the relationship between soil test values
be carried out to develop quantitative basis for
for available N, P, K and yield response to
calculating the profit maximizing dose calculating of
important crops.
fertilizers based on soil test for any crop. To enhance
2. To derive yield targeting equations for important
farm profitability under different soil-climate
crops for making fertilizer recommendations.
conditions, it is necessary to have information on
3. To evaluate various soil test method for their
optimum fertilizer doses for every crops. For
suitability under field conditions.
determining the optimum fertilizer doses, the most
4. To evaluate the extent to which fertilizer needs of
appropriate method is Soil Test Based Integrated
crop can be reduced in relation with conjunctive
Fertilizer Recommendation for different crop which
use of organic manure.
are based on the soil test and crop response studies. Soil Test Crop Response
Concept of STCR ICAR established the AICRP on STCR in
High yielding, fertilizer responsive varieties
1967 and the STCR concept was developed by
of crop and high cost of fertilizers have necessitated
Ramamoorthy in 1987. STCR approach is aiming at
the development of a quantitative basis for making
obtaining a basis for precise quantitative adjustment
fertilizer recommendations according to soil fertility
of fertilizer doses under varying soil test values and
status of field for obtaining economic yield.
response for targeted levels of crop production.
Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga and Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Dilip Choudhary and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
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STCR provides the relationship between a
2. Test crop experiment: after confirming the
soil test value and crop yield. These are tested in
establishment of fertility gradients in the
follow up verification by field trials to back up soil
experiment field this phase of field experiment
testing laboratories for their advisory purpose under
conducted with the following procedure:
specific soil, crop, and agro-climatic conditions.
Each strip is divided in number of plots which
Methods of STCR Soil test-based fertilizer recommendation for different crops are obtain through following two
is equal to treatments. Initial soil sample is collected from each plot and analyzed. The experiment is layout as per statistical
phases: 1. Gradient experiment: In this phase artificial soil fertility gradient is created at experiment site by following procedure: Divided the experiment field into 3 or 4 equal strips according to size of field. In 1st strip - no fertilization, 2nd strip -single fertilization, 3rd strip - double fertilization likely increasing fertilizer dose with increase in number of strips Grow exhaustive crop like maize, sorghum fodder crops.
design. Test crop experiment is taken with different level of fertilizers. After maturity of crop to calculated yield from each plot. Soil and plant sample is collected from each plot and analyzed. Using the yield and nutrient uptake data, soil test values and applied fertilizer doses of treated and control plots, the basic data viz. nutrient requirement (kg/q), soil, fertilizer
Pre sowing and post-harvest soil samples
and organic manure efficiencies (%) for
were collected from each strips and analysis.
making fertilizer recommendation can be
Plant analysis after harvest of exhaustive crop.
worked out. Allocation of treatment in STCR experiment
Creation of fertility gradient to carry out STCR experiment
Advantages Efficient and profitable site-specific fertilizer recommendation for increased crop production E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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and for maintenance of soil fertility. Aims to provide balanced, efficient and profitable nutrient application rates for preset yield targets giving due consideration to basic fertility status of soil. Conclusion From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that - Among the various methods of fertilizer recommendation, the yield targeting is unique one. Effective soil testing service to back up precise fertilizer use. Soil test-based fertilizer recommendations result in efficient fertilizer use. Soil test based balanced fertilizer recommendations under STCR-Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply (IPNS) for many crops not only helped in achieving higher yield targets but also in the maintenance and built up of soil fertility, soil health and productivity. The IPNS with STCR approach results in higher gross returns, net returns and Benefit Cost ratio. Targeted yield concept gave the highest yield and the net benefit over farmer’s practices, showing superiority
over
other
methods
of
fertilizer
application.
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How to Achieve Agriculture Sustainability Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya, Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga, Dilip Choudhary and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi The key mitigation technique in agriculture as per NMSA (National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture) 2010. Agriculture sustainable can be
Policy instrument for PPP (Public Private Partnership). Strengthing local institutions in water allocation and utilization.
achieved through 10 stepsImproved crops seeds, Livestock and Fish culture
Pest management
Promoting the use of bio technology in
Efficient safe and environment sound method of
development of new corps seed which are
pest management should be utilized (NPV, Bt,
genetically modified for responding under
Trichogramma).
adverse weather conditions and heaving higher
Incentivising research commercial production and marketing of biopesticide.
productivity. Research and promotion of C4 pathway in C3
Developing insect forecasting models (Radio broadcasting).
plant. Conservation indigenous genetic resources. Public Private Partnership (PPP) in research and development, management and dissemination of
Institutional mechanism for quick response in case of disaster. Improved agronomic practices Implementation in conservation agriculture and
improved varieties. Conserving agriculture heritage.
precision agriculture. Knowledge management.
Water use efficiency Promoting WUE in irrigation.
Soil conservation.
Research and development in the areas of
Policy instrument for optimum land used.
energy efficient water system should be
Nutrient management Strengthing services for promoting production
promoted. Developing
mechanism
for
integrated
management of rain water, surface and ground water.
and use of biofertilizer. Developing nutritional strategies for managing heat stress in dairy animals.
Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya, Basant fa*geria and Indar Raj Naga Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Dilip Choudhary and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
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Strengthing capacity of existing soil testing labs. Quality standard and quality control system for raising confidence among users.
various
by farmers for mitigating risk. Excess to information PPP (Public Private Partnership) to develop
Agriculture insurance Developing
Strengthing excess to quality and timely inputs
models
for
risk
management.
technic based solution for providing farmer with information on price discovery commodity
Designing user friendly decision support system to help to asses risk and develop regions specific contingency plans.
arrival mandi prices etc. Building an information and communication technic (ITC) unable knowledge management
Strengthing existing risk cover mechanism under NAIS (National Agriculture Insurance Scheme) and weather-based crop insurance scheme.
network. Livelihood to diversification Crop diversification and following Integrated Farming System (IFS).
Implementing region specific contingency plan based on vulnerability and risk seniors.
Mitigating risk by supplementing income from of farm activities.
Credit support Developing new firm of new credit assessment and risk management system. Promoting micro-finance. Developing mechanism to enhance the flow of credit to critical infrastructure. Upscaling the Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCCS). Designing customised credit policies and programmes to mitigate risk. Market To formulate market allied research and development programmes. Increase supply chain efficiency. Creation of new market infrastructure. Supporting
community
partnership
in
developing food and forage banks. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Hydroponics in the Future of Agriculture Dilip Choudhary, Lila Ram Chandrawanshi, Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga and Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya Introduction
What is Hydroponic System?
Cultivation of plants in water. Hydroponics is
Photosynthesis process:
a technology for growing plants in nutrient solutions
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
(water containing fertilizers) with or without using
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
an artificial medium (sand, gravel, vermiculite, rock
There is no mention of “soil” anywhere in
wool, perlite, peat moss, coir, or sawdust) to provide
there and that's all the proof you need that plants can
mechanical support. Many aggregates and media
grow without it.
support plant growth. Also called as using soil the
Benefits sometimes questioned
cultivation of plants without
Some hydroponic growers got many times greater yields than conventional methods.
History of Hydroponics In the 1920s, a scientist by the name of Dr.
Because hydroponically grown plants dip their
William F. Gericke of the University of California
roots directly into nutrient-rich solutions, they
commercialised
get what they need much more easily than plants
experimental
work
in
plant
nutrition, which helped hydroponics get media attention. He therefore gave these nutri-culture systems the name “HYDROPONICS.” The word was derived from the Greek words, HYDRO (water) and PONOS (labor), literally “water working”.
growing in soil. With smaller roots, you can grow more plants in the same area and more yield. Many pests are carried in soil, so doing without it generally gives you a more hygienic system with fewer problems of disease. Automation is possible. Easy to harvesting. How Does Hydroponics Work Nutrient hose Growing plants Return hose
Dilip Choudhary and Lila Ram Chandrawanshi Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Basant fa*geria, Indar Raj Naga and Mukesh Kumar Rolaniya Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
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Nutrient pump Air stone Air pump Stand your plants in a plastic trough and let a
50/50 mix of clay and Coco creates a breathable medium Heavy 4. Potting soil (Perlite)
nutrient solution trickle past their roots (with the help
Perlite + Coco Coir + Vermiculite
of gravity and a pump).
Synthetic materials
Types of Hydroponic System
Puffed/heated to produce light and porous
1. Wick System 2. Water Culture
material Nutrient Solutions
3. Ebb & flow (Drain and flow)
In Hydroponics, nutrient control is easy
4. Drip System Recovery/ Non- recovery
A nitrogen-rich Grow Formula
5. N.F.T. (Nutrient Film Technique)
A phosphorous and potassium-rich Bloom
6. Aeroponic system Materials Used in Hydroponics 1. Coco Coir: Has an excellent air to water ratio with great water retention.
Formula Bumper crops of delicious fruits and vegetables every time. Plants require 17 essential elements to grow and reproduce The first three are Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon Other 14 are Macro-elements:
Nitrogen,
Phosphorous,
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur 2. Rockwool A fibrous material made from melted rock. Not Biodegradable Hazardous to health Must be pH balanced Excellent water retention. 3. Expanded clay Pellets Most popular media Drain quickly & pH neutral Reusable Used in ebb & flow, water culture E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Microelements: Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Boron, Chlorine, Molybdenum, Nickel System Requirements pH Control 5.8 and 6.4, or slightly acidic Electrical Conductivity (EC) 1.2-3.5 Mho Horticultural Lighting Metal Halide (MH), High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps. Temperature and Environmental Control 68780F. Advantages Higher yields achieved in a smaller space. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Nutrients precisely controlled.
gy is thoroughly practical and has very definite
Grow, bloom and boost formulas used at the
advantages over conventional methods of crop
appropriate growth stage. Indoor gardens grown using full-spectrum horticultural lighting.
production. The main advantages of soil-less cultivation is the much higher crop yields.
Soil-borne pests and diseases are eliminated. Weeds are eliminated. Plants are healthier and reach maturity faster. Automation is possible. Require less labor. Produces higher quality food. Reduces supply chain. Crop grow faster. Disadvantages Cost of initial investment Production is management, capital and labor intensive. A high level of expertise is required. Daily attention is necessary. Specially formulated, soluble nutrients must always be used. Some water born diseases can spread rapidly in recirculation system. Risk of water and electricity. Debates over the organic nature Conclusions People living in crowded city streets, without gardens, can grow fresh vegetables and barren and sterile areas can be made productive at relatively low cost. Progress has been rapid and results obtained in various countries have proved that this technoloE-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Role of Secondary Nutrient “Sulphur” in Oilseed Crops Veerendra Kumar Patel, Vivek Kumar Singh and Anisha Jendre mins - thiamine and biotin, lipoic acid, acetyl
Introduction India is largest producer and consumer of vegetable oil in the world. Oilseed have been the backbone of agricultural economy of India since long. Oilseed crops are primary grown for edible oil. Sulphur is the fourth major plant nutrient after Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K). Plant can absorb Sulphur only through their root system in the SO4 2- form. Indian agricultural soils have a low
co-enzyme A and glutathione contain S as an essentials part. It is involved in the synthesis of glucosides in mustard oil. It plays a major role in improving the oil quality in oilseed crops. Although not a constituent, sulphur is required for the synthesis of chlorophyll.
concentration of inorganic Sulphur compared to the
It increases root growth.
organic form. Sulphur deficiency leads to 40 %
Sulphur stimulates seed formation.
reduction in the quality and quantity of oilseed. Sulphur deficiency is becoming very common in
Sulphur deficiency Symptoms The main symptom of sulphur nutrient
many states of India.
deficiency is yellowing of younger leaves may be
Role and Function of Sulphur
due to low chlorophyll production. Eventually plant
Sulphur is the essential constitutes of Scontaining amino acids, viz. cysteine, cystine and methionine. All nitrogenases have an iron (Fe) and sulphur-
growth will be reduced. Groundnut Yellowing of plants with stunted growth can be seen
containing cofactor that includes an iron-
Delay in maturity.
sulphur cluster at the active site, in most of the
Severe sulphur deficiency leads the entire plant
proteins, this Fe-S cluster also contain Mo. As a constituent of ferredoxin-containing nitrogenase, sulphur take part in the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and other electron transfer reactions. Several biologically active compound like vita-
turn to yellow. Sunflower Yellowing can be seen from base of the plant to top. Slightly plant growth is reduced. The size of capitulum is severely restricted.
Veerendra Kumar Patel, Vivek Kumar Singh and Anisha Jendre Research Scholar, Department of N.R.M. & Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Viswavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh
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Maturity of flowers is delayed Sesame Stunted growth of plant is observed, leaves are
It is slightly soluble in water and widely used as a fertilizer (Soil ameliorant). Ferrous Sulphate: 18.6 % Sulphur
smaller and fully emerged leaves first turn pale
Magnesium Sulphate: 21.2 % Sulphur
and then golden yellow.
Zinc Sulphate: 17.8 % Sulphur
Number of flowers and pods are reduced so yellow will be lass. Mustard Yellowing is younger leaves. Chlorosis of leaf margins, development of purple pigmentation.
Coper Sulphate: 12.8 % Sulphur Single Super Phosphate (SSP): 11 % Sulphur Ammonium Phosphate: 13 % Sulphur Method of Application Soil application: Basal soil application of S is
In ward curling of young leaf lamina giving rise
superior and corrects its deficiency more efficiently
to a cupped appearance later in severe
than foliar sprays. Gypsum was found to be most
conditions withering can be observed.
widely used for soil application.
Sulphur deficiency symptoms
Foliar application: Foliar application refers to the spraying fertilizer solution on foliage (Leaves) of growing plants. Normally, these solutions are prepared in low concentration (2-3%) either to supply anyone plant nutrient or a combination of nutrient.
Causes of Sulphur Deficiency in Soil Sulphur deficiency normally occurs on old deeply-weathered land surfaces of strongly leached soils and soils away from sea and industrial areas. Coarse-textured sandy soils generally have low total S-content as compared to fine-textured soils. This again is related to organic matter content in these
Reference Das, D. K (2015). Introductory Soil Science. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana. Indian Society of Soil Science (2009). Fundamentals of Soil Science. National Agricultural Science Centre Complex, Pusa New Delhi.
soils. For the same reason, S-content is more in the surface soils than in the sub-soils, generally, it decreases with depth. Source of Sulphur Fertilizer Gypsum: Gypsum contain18.6% sulphur. Gypsum of calcium sulfate dehydrate (CaSo4.2H2O). E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Virus-Vectors Relationship Kiran Kumawat, Indar Raj Naga, Pinki Sharma and Sushila Yadav within seconds to minutes, hours to days, or days to
Virus “A virus is a set of one or more nucleic acid
weeks and sometime it may occur in the next
template molecules, normally encased in a protective
generation.
coat, or coats of protein or lipoprotein, which is able
Terminology use in virus transmission
to organize its own replication only within suitable
1. Acquisition access period: Time for which a
host cells. Within such cells virus production is (a)
initially virus free vector is allowed to access a
dependent on the host’s protein synthesizing
virus source and could if it desire feed on that
machinery, (b) organized from pools of the required
source.
materials rather than by binary fission and (c) located
2. Acquisition feeding period: Time period
at sites which are not separated from the host cell
necessary for successful acquisition of the virus
contents by a lipoprotein, bilayer membrane”.
by its vector which then become viruliferous.
This comprehensive definition has been
3. Inoculation access period: Time for which a
given by Mathews (1981).
virus carrying vector is allowed to access a virus
Vector
free plant and could feed on it. A vector is an organism that acts as an
4. Inoculation feeding period: Time period for
intermediary host for a virus. Most importantly the
which a virus carrying vector appears to be
vector carries and transmit the virus to the next host.
feeding on a virus free plant to transmit it.
Tomato leaf curl virus transmitted by white fly,
5. Transmission
threshold
or
inoculation
Tomato spotted wilt virus by thrips, Wheat streak
threshold or Inoculation access threshold: The
mosaic virus by mites, Rice tungro virus by leaf
minimum initial time period that a vector need to
hopper etc.
acquire a virus and inoculate it to the virus free
Virus-vector relationships
plant.
Watson and Roberts (1939) gave the basic
6. Infective capacity or retention period of
The
vector: Time period for which a vector carries/
transmission of plant virus to a new host plant may
retain/ transmit the virus to host plant and remain
occur after feeding on an infected plant by the vector
viruliferous.
concept
of
virus
vector
relationship.
Kiran Kumawat, Pinki Sharma and Sushila Yadav Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Indar Raj Naga Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
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7. Incubation period or latent period: The time period from the start of acquisition feeding period until the vector can infect the healthy plant with the virus. The different modes of viral transmission by vectors are described here: 1. Nonpersistent Transmission Nonpersistent plant viruses are viruses that are
E.g., CTV, CaMV, BYV (Beets yellows virus) The virus particles does
not
found in
haemolymph or progeny of vector. 3. Persistent viruses Virus persists in their vector for >100 hrs and in some cases for whole life of vector. Virus multiplies and circulate in vector body. Latent period is present.
retained in the stylet of insects and inoculate a
Moulting has no effect of virus.
healthy plant within a few seconds or minutes.
After virus uptake-alimentary canal gut wall
Insect vectors take less than 1 minute of feeding
circulates in the body fluid (Hemolymph)
to acquire the virus from the infected plants.
salivary glands causing contamination of saliva
Nonpersistent virus replicates are found in
transmission Also called as:
epidermal cells and/or parenchyma cells.
Circulative propagative, Transovarial transm-
The retention period of these viruses is very less,
Circulative,
ission.
only a few minutes. If vectors remain on a single plant for a few minutes, the vector will losses the ability to transmit the virus in healthy plants. Example, Stylet- borne are mostly transmitted by aphid-vectored e.g., Papaya ringspot virus. The viral coat protein (CP) and conserved capsid surface domains are required to achieve efficient aphid transmission. 2. Semi-persistent (Foregut-borne transmission) Term given by Sylvester (1958). Virus persists in its vector for 10-100 hrs. Acquired from phloem region with long feeding period. No latent period. Do not circulate and multiply in its vector Infectivity lost in moulting High vector specificity E-ISSN: 2583-1755
1) Persistent
circulatory,
non-propagative
transmission Viruses passing from an insect gut into the hemolymph of the vector eventually reaching the mouthparts in the saliva but not multiply in vector. The virus pass only to the circulative system from gut and back to salivary gland. Starving prior to acquisition doesn't influence their ability to acquire. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
These cannot be usually sap or mechanically transmissible. All
geminiviruses
and
many
leafhopper
transmitted viruses. Eg.- Beet curly top virus, maize streak virus and Wheat dwarf virus 2) Persistent circulatory-propagative transmission Plant viruses which are circulated and also multiply in them are propagative plant viruses. The virus multiply both in plants as well as in insect vector. There should be evidence that the virus particles number should increase following acquisition by vector Eg. Potato leaf roll virus (M. persicae) Multiplication may occur in cytoplasm of cells of muscles, brain, fat bodies, mycetome, trachae, epidermis and alimentary canal Some of the vectors suffer from diseases due to infection by viruses. These viruses are considered to have been originating as insect viruses.eg - Tomato spotted wilt virus transmitted by Thrips. 3) Transovarial transmission In this pathway, viruses are passed vertically from mother to offspring via egg/seed, either on the surface of the seed, called “Transovum transmission,” or within the seed, called “Transovarian transmission”. Wound
tumor
virus
by
leaf
hopper
transoverially transmitted to off springs.
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Trackling the Price Volatility in Agricultural Markets Pynbianglang Kharumnuid and N. K. Pandey member producers, especially marginal and small
Introduction The
price
agricultural
farmers to sell their produce in bulk at a higher price
commodities poses widespread uncertainty among
than when sold individually. The state line
farmers and consumers, especially in developing
departments and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK)
countries like India, and is continuing to be a major
should come forward to facilitate the formation and
challenge among the researchers and policy makers
strengthening of FPOs. Direct marketing and
because of its devastating effects on sustainable
contract farming enable farmers to sell their produce
farming, particularly for small and marginal farmers
directly to the consumers or contracting firms
and food and nutritional security, particularly the
without the involvement of the middlemen. Cases of
poor consumers. Moreover, India is predominantly
direct marketing like Apni Mandis in Punjab and
an agriculture-based country in which agriculture
Haryana, Rythu Bazaars in Andhra Pradesh,
and allied activities contributes about 17 percent to
Uzhavar Santhaigal in Tamil Nadu and Safal outlets
the country’s GVA and provides employment to
across the Delhi-NCR regions, have enabled farmers
about 55 percent of the population. On the one hand,
to get remunerative prices for their produce. Contract
consumers
of
farming provides many advantages to the farmers
commodities, but farmers prefer high, profitable
such as assured price, assured market, credit, inputs,
prices. As a result, the government constantly
extension
struggles to fulfil its dual goals of guaranteeing
generation and reducing the cost of production and
remunerative prices for farmers and reasonable
transaction.
prefer
volatility
low,
of
affordable
prices
prices for consumers. Options
to
The
tackle
the
price
volatility
in
services,
risk
sharing,
establishment
of
employment
robust
market
surveillance and market intelligence is another important option to tackle the price volatility. There
agricultural markets There are many options to stabilise the price
should be constant monitoring of prices and market
of agricultural commodities. The formation and
arrivals of agricultural commodities by some
strengthening of farmer producer organizations
government agencies, which should also provide
(FPOs) is one of the important strategies for
advance market information to the government.
management of price volatility. FPOs help their
Farmers should be able to compare agricultural com-
Pynbianglang Kharumnuid and N. K. Pandey Division of Social Sciences, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
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modity prices across the market before selling their
could store their perishable produce at times when
produce. The Government of India launched the
there is a market glut.
electronic National Agriculture Market or e-NAM
Conclusion
on 14 April, 2016 with the primary objective of
Effective management of price volatility will
creating a unified national market for agricultural
improve farmers’ income and consumers’ food and
commodities by networking existing APMC
nutritional security. There are many ways and
mandis, which will lead to better price discovery
strategies for stabilising the prices of agricultural
for farmers. The state government and the grass-
commodities. There should be an appropriate
root
combination of various strategies for effectively
level
organisations like
encourage and facilitate
KVKs should
farmers
and other
stakeholders to utilise the e-NAM services.
tackling the negative effects of price volatility on farmers and consumers. The state governments and
Adoption of scientific crop technologies will
policy makers should take these measures into
not only help farmers reduce the impact of price
consideration for formulation of policies and plans
volatility, but also help the consumers get the
for tackling the price volatility in future.
commodities at an affordable price. Adoption of technologies like improved varieties, irrigation systems, scientific nutrient managements and other packages of practices will help farmers to achieve high yield, leading to higher income. The value addition of the agricultural products should be promoted among farmers and organized sectors like Self Help Groups, NGO members, etc. for selling their products at higher prices. Stabilisation of prices for horticultural commodities will require the creation of more storage capacity with good facilities like humidity and temperature control systems. However, the number of cold storage facilities in the country is still low, and the majority of them are not upgraded
and/or
non-functioning.
Government
should see the possibility of upgrading and repairing the non-functioning storages, besides constructing new ones in major producing areas, so that farmers E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Biofertilizers: Achieving Sustainable Food Production Gourisankar Pradhan, Anurag Upadhyay and Nihal Chandra Mahajan
Abstract To achieve the required yield and productivity, modern agriculture is still increasingly reliant on synthetic inputs. Chemical or synthetic fertilizers are one of the most widely used, and in some cases, abused inputs. While various studies show that judicious use of synthetic inputs is acceptable, their longterm effects cannot be denied, the most important of which is the imbalance of the soil environment, which can decrease yield and, in turn, raise the number of agrochemicals, likely to result in a vicious cycle. animal fertilizers as well (Mateusz et al., 2020). Over
Introduction Increased adoption of organic farming in
the last decade, the term “biofertilizer” has been
recent years has resulted in a more sustainable
defined in a variety of ways. Biofertilizers are a term
approach to agriculture, emphasizing eco-friendly
that is commonly used to describe substances that are
practices to ensure food security while protecting and
incorporated with microbes or other living cells or
nurturing soil biodiversity (Mayanglambam et al.,
organisms to help nurture plant growth and promote
2020). Stakeholders are implementing a variety of
soil health; it also refers to growth-enhancing
strategies to mainstream organic and sustainable
substances that are bio-based or bio-derived in origin
agriculture, one of which is the use of bio-based
(Calabi-Floody et al., 2018).
fertilizers or bio-fertilizers to provide optimal nutrients to crops and improve soil potency.
Biofertilizers have progressed from being thought of as a supplement to chemical fertilizers to
With growing interest in sustainability, much
their current status as nutritional aids capable of
effort is being directed toward the development of
mobilizing vital growth elements in an easily
organic and sustainable fertilizers as inputs. While
assimilated form. They are frequently regarded as a
these terms are frequently used interchangeably, the
renewable source of plant nutrients that promote soil
source of origin can help distinguish them. The
health and have become an important component in
majority of bio-based fertilizer inputs are of plant and
integrated crop and soil management (Sing and
microbial origin, while organic fertilizers include
Meena, 2019).
Gourisankar Pradhan Junior Research Fellow (JRF), SERB Funded Project, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Anurag Upadhyay and Nihal Chandra Mahajan Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
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Role of biofertilizers to enhance soil microbial activity Help
in
sustaining
the
physicochemical
properties of the soil, help ensure soil health and encourage crop growth and yield. Help in nurturing an optimum soil ecosystem is to providing sufficient organic matter to nurture the soil microbiome. Ability to increase the population of microbial strains
viz.,
Azotobacter,
Azospirillum,
Phosphobacteria and Rhizobacteria Help in providing optimum nitrogen cycling, which is critical to both soil and plant health. Enhancing nutrient availability and uptake by aiding nutrient solubilization. Producing plant hormones such as cytokines helps in stimulating proper root architecture and improving photosynthesis. Aids the plants to become more resistant to stress and pathogen attacks by producing metabolites. Thus, the use of biofertilizers creates a win-win situation: improving soil health while promoting plant growth.
Table 1: Various groups of biofertilizers Sl. Groups Examples No. 1. Nitrogen (N2) fixing Biofertilizers i. Free-living Azotobacter, Clostridium, Anabaena, Nostoc ii Symbiotic Rhizobium, Frankia, Anabaena azollae iii Associative Azospirillum Symbiotic 2. P-Solubilizing Biofertilizers i. Bacteria Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, Bacillus circulans, Pseudomonas striata ii. Fungi Penicillium sp., Aspergillus awamori 3. P-Mobilizing Biofertilizers i. Arbuscular Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., mycorrhiza Acaulospora sp., Scutellospora sp., Sclerocystis sp. ii. Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp., Pisolithus sp., Boletus sp., Amanita sp. iii. Orchid Rhizoctonia solani mycorrhiza 4. Biofertilizers for Micronutrients i. Silicate and Bacillus sp. zinc solubilizers 5. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria i. Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluorescens
Source: Barman et al., 2017 Conclusion To achieve sustainable development goals, agricultural production must be increased while pollution and GHG emissions from the farming activity must be reduced. We believe that advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology have the potential to improve nutrient management and use efficiency in an agroecosystem. When compared to conventional fertilizers, smart fertilizers based on slow/controlled release and/or carrier delivery methods have been shown to enhance crop yields, soil health, and nutrient depletion.
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References Barman, M., Paul, S., Choudhury, A. G., Roy, P. and Sen, J. (2017). Biofertilizer as prospective input
for
sustainable
agriculture
in
India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(11): 1177-1186. Calabi-Floody, M., Medina, J., Rumpel, C., Condron, L. M., Hernandez, M., Dumont, M. and de La Luz Mora, M. (2018). Smart fertilizers as a strategy for sustainable agriculture. Advances in Agronomy, 147: 119-157. Mayanglambam, B., Thangjam, B. and Devi, N.M. (2020). Role of Biofertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture- Prospects and Constraints. Biotica Research Today, 2, 5 Spl. (May 2020): 345-347 Mateusz Mącik, Agata Gryta, Magdalena Frąc, Chapter Two - Biofertilizers in agriculture: An overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms, Editor(s): Donald L. Sparks, Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press, Volume 162, 2020, Pages 31-87,
ISSN
0065-2113,
ISBN
9780128207673, Sing, A. and Meena, R. S. (2019). Effect of foliar spray of bioregulators and irrigation on dry matter accumulation of mustard (Brassica juncea
L.). Bangladesh
Journal
of
Agricultural Research, 44(4): 689-693.
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Agriculture Marketing P. Smriti Rao, Ashish David and Princy Charan Concept By generating food, agriculture meets one of humanity's fundamental needs. A century ago, farmers used to produce food products primarily for their own consumption or for trade (in kind or cash) with others, primarily in the same village or adjacent locations. They relied mainly on themselves. However, significantly
the
production
altered
from
environment
has
self-reliance
to
value-added goods. Through a range of actions, agricultural marketing connects producers and consumers, becoming a crucial aspect of the economy. Agriculture marketing's reach extends beyond just the ultimate agricultural products. Additionally, it concentrates on the farmers' supply of agricultural inputs (factors). Definitions Agriculture and marketing come together to
commercialization in recent years. High yielding varieties, the use of fertilisers, insecticides, and pesticides, as well as agricultural mechanisation, have all benefited from technological improvement, increasing farm production and, as a result, the amount of excess that can be sold and marketed. Increased urbanisation, money, shifting consumer lifestyles and eating habits, and growing connections to the global market all go hand in hand with improved manufacturing. Consumers are no longer
form the term agricultural marketing. Agriculture generally refers to the raising and/or growing of plants and animals, whereas marketing refers to the actions involved in getting products from the point of production to the point of consumption. Numerous academics have characterised agricultural marketing and included crucial components of time, place, form, and utility of passion. Following are a few definitions of agricultural marketing: The study of agricultural marketing includes
restricted to purchasing food from farms in rural areas. A further requirement for value addition in the raw agricultural production is the rise in demand for processed or semi-processed food products. Due to these advancements, food commodities must be transported from the producer to the consumer as
all activities and organisations engaged in the transportation of farm-produced foods, raw materials and textiles derived from them from the fields to the final customers, as well as the impact of these activities on farmers, middlemen, and consumers
P. Smriti Rao Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, IIAST, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Ashish David Research Scholar, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, SHUAST, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Princy Charan Bachelor Student, Department of Commerce, SMKV, Bastar, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
(Thomsen). The input aspect of agriculture is
repair services needed by a vibrant and expanding
excluded from this definition.
agriculture sector. Farm output is growing, which
Agricultural marketing is a decision-making process
that
post-harvest
of food and natural fibres that need to be transported,
storage,
stored, processed, packaged, and sold to consumers.
transportation, and distribution. It begins with a
The non-farm enterprises carry out these duties.
decision to produce a marketable farm product and
Furthermore, since a greater share of household
involves all institutional and financial aspects of
income is often spent on non-food durables and
market structure or system (National Commission on
consumables as real per capita income rises, demand
Agriculture, 1976).
for non-farm consumer products increases if
Key Aspects of Agriculture Marketing
increases in agricultural productivity are matched by
operations,
includes
pre-
assembly,
and
encourages forward links since it produces surpluses
grading,
all
increases in farm families' real incomes. Thus, a
operations related to moving agricultural goods from
number of companies discover new customers for
farms to consumers and supplying farm inputs to
their goods in the agricultural sector.
Agricultural
marketing
includes
The marketing strategy should be such that it
farmers. The two main subsystems of the agricultural
may
benefit
all
societal
segments-producers,
marketing system are product marketing and input
consumers, middlemen, and traders-in general. The
(factor) marketing. Farmers, village/primary traders,
government serves as a watchdog to protect the
wholesalers,
interests of all the parties involved in marketing.
processors,
importers,
exporters,
cooperatives,
controlled
marketing
Aspects of agricultural marketing that are
committees, and retailers make up the product
covered include producer surplus, government
marketing
sub-system
policy and research, training, data on agricultural
consists of input producers, distributors, affiliated
marketing, imports and exports of agricultural
organisations, importers, exporters, and others who
commodities, and marketing functions, agencies,
provide farmers with a variety of farm production
channels, efficiency, and costs.
marketing
sub-system.
The
input
In a developing nation like India, agricultural
inputs. The agricultural marketing system has been
marketing's overarching goal is to assist farmers,
established to serve as a bridge between the
who are the primary producers, in receiving fair
agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The
prices for their produce while also supplying the right
industry and non-farm firms manufacture and supply
goods to processors and/or final consumers at the
the fertilisers, pesticides, agricultural machinery,
proper locations, times, quantities, and prices.
equipment, diesel, energy, packing materials, and E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Characteristics of Agricultural Products and
a location close to where consuming or
Production
processing takes place. Bulky goods have a wider
Agricultural marketing has been recognised as a separate field of study because agricultural products differ from industrial goods in a number of
price range since handling, storage, and shipping are more expensive. 4. Product
quality
variations:
Agricultural
important ways. The following list of unique
products come in a wide range of qualities, which
qualities of agricultural products:
makes
1. Product perishability: The majority of farm
challenging. Since manufactured things can be
products are perishable by nature, but their shelf
created with consistent quality, there is no such
life might range from a few hours to a few
issue.
grading
and
standardisation
rather
months. It is nearly impossible for producers to
5. Irregular supply of Agricultural products:
set a reserve price for their farm-grown goods
Agriculture production is dependent on natural
due to their perishability. Farm products' level of
conditions, which results in an unpredictable and
perishability
through
irregular supply of agricultural products. The
made
prices of agricultural products fluctuate much
nonperishable like manufactured goods. The
more than those of manufactured goods due to
expense of marketing is increased by the need for
the variable supply and nearly constant demand.
quick handling and frequently specialised
6. Small holding size and dispersed production:
processing,
can but
be they
decreased cannot
be
refrigeration of the more perishable products.
Farm products are produced over the country's
2. Production Seasonality: Farm products are
length and width, and the majority of the
produced at a certain season of the year due to
producers are small. Due to this, estimating the
seasonality of production. They cannot be
supply is challenging, and marketing is also
produced all year long. It causes price seasonality
hampered.
within a single year. Prices of agricultural goods decrease
throughout
the
harvest
7. Product pricing: A small-farm farmer has a
season.
typical marketing dilemma in addition to the
However, the availability of manufactured goods
challenge of estimating the overall supply. He
can be altered or made consistent throughout the
cannot affect the market supply because his
year.
contribution to the total supply is so negligible.
3. Products’ bulkiness: The bulkiness of the
Furthermore, because demand for the majority of
majority of farm products makes transportation
farm products is inelastic, the market price for his
and storage difficult and expensive. This fact
product is established independently of his
further limits the placement of manufacturing to
supply. Furthermore, because demand for the
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Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
majority of farm products is inelastic, the market price for his product is established independently of his supply. An independent farmer is intended to be working in a buyer's market in this situation.
Contrarily,
the
majority
of
manufacturing companies may, to some extent, control the supply due to their bigger market share, which in turn affects the price of the product they sell. 8. Processing: Before being consumed by the final customers, the majority of agricultural goods require some sort of processing. Although it adds value, the processing function widens the price range of agricultural commodities. Processing businesses benefit from market monopsony, oligopsony, or duopsony. There are times when this condition deters producers. References Acharya,
S.S.
and
Agarwal,
N.L.
(2011).
Agricultural Marketing in India, Oxford & IBH publishing Company Pvt Ltd., Fifth edition. Singh, H., Goel, M.K. and Singhal, A.K. (2012). Challenges in Rural and Agriculture Market, VSRD. International Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(6): 299-304.
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Black Rice: An Underutilized Crop in India Dr. Ashok S. Dambale and Dr. Jogesh Goswami Black rice (also known as purple rice) is a
content. It is also high in fibre, so it does not spike
range of rice varieties of the Oryza sativa L. species
blood sugar levels. Its rich in iron, hence a good
some of which are glutinous rice. Indonesian black
source for vegetarians.
rice and Thai Jasmine black rice are two varieties. It is also known as purple rice, heaven rice, forbidden rice (Chinese), king‘s rice, imperial rice, and prized rice. Black rice is a rare and ancient variety of rice that has been growing in India for centuries. It is primarily grown in India‘s north-east region (known
Prospects of Black Rice in India
as ChakHao) and southern region (known as Kavuni
Growing black rice, which has its origins in
in Tamil). The black rice becomes black in color due
north-east India, is becoming increasingly popular in
to presence of purple color powerful pigment
other regions as well, among farmers. It‘s widely
anthocyanin on the outer covering of rice grain.
grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Puduch*erry, Tamil
Anthocyanin components in black rice are about 26.3
Nadu and Jharkhand and it's a popular food in
percent. Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid
Manipur. Because of its superior nutritional quality
pigment and a major source of antioxidant that
due to the presence of antioxidants and phenolic
protection against free radicals that cause cancer,
compounds, black rice has been increasing popular
ageing and disease. Black rice contains 18 essential
in today‘s world. It is also rich in beneficial amino
amino acids, mainly lysine and tryptophan. Black
acids such as lysine and tryptophan, which possesses
rice is a whole grain, super nutritious type of rice that
health advantages. Phenolic donate free radicle
has higher levels of protein, fibers, vitamins B1 & B2,
hydrogen act as singlet oxygen quenchers, protecting
minerals such as iron, zinc, phosphorus, calcium and
cell constituents against oxidative damage caused by
selenium. It‘s high in anti-oxidants, especially
free radical molecules. Due to the presence of
anthocyanin which is beneficial for heart patients,
anthocyanin, black rice is usually consumed along
diabetics patients and helps brain activity. It‘s
with the bran and is sold as unmilled rice.
beneficial for skin and hair due to its Vitamin E
These days, black rice is found in larger super
Dr. Ashok S. Dambale Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Selu-VNMKV, Parbhani, Maharashtra
Dr. Jogesh Goswami Professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, AAU-Jorhat, Assam
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
-markets around the country at a very high market
their attack to the cells. It is said that antioxidants
price. Due to its high nutritional value and market
bring into play their defensive effect by
pricing, there are great prospects to promote the
minimizing oxidative damage to the DNA. To
cultivation of black rice in major rice-growing states
protect the cells and organ systems of the body
in the country. Many States Agricultural Universities
against ROS and to neutralize free radicals, both
(SAUs) have begun work to assess the performance
endogenous and exogenous components function
of black rice varieties grown in Manipur and other of
together. These components include:
north-eastern
Vit C, Vit E, tocotrienols and carotenoids.
states
with
suitable
production
technologies. Initiatives should be taken to identify
Some enzymes like glutathione peroxidase,
the potential areas of black rice cultivation and
superoxide
dismutase
and
glutathione
adequate awareness about its nutritional values and
reductase, which helps in reducing free
market price to the farmers of that region to promote
radicals. Some metal binding proteins like ferritin,
black rice farming in the country.
albumin, lactoferrin and ceruloplasmin.
Role of Black Rice in Health and Diseases 1. Antioxidant’s Property of Black Rice: The first
2. Anti-Inflammation: Inflammation refers to a
line of defence in human body against free
healing process of the body when gets harmed by
radical damage is antioxidants that ultimately
bacterial and/or viral infection, injury, and
help in maintaining optimum health condition.
toxins. The anti-inflammation property of black
Oxygen being a highly reactive atom is capable
rice is able to reduce ROS production in the body.
enough to become part of damaging molecules
It also helps in joint pains, atherosclerosis, and
which are commonly known as “free radicals”.
other symptoms related to aging (Oki et al.,
These free radicals attack healthy cells of the
2005). Systemic inflammation includes arthritis
body and ultimately ruptures the cell structure as
and any type of joint issues, Alzheimer’s disease,
well as it also triggers to cell dysfunction.
heart disease, asthma, and even cancer. Black
Reactive oxygen species is a type of unstable
rice bran can reduce inflammation to the extent
molecule which includes all highly reactive
of cellular level. This helps in improving cell
oxygen molecules that can easily react with other
robustness, and acting as an agent for the
molecules. All reactive oxygen species may
inflammatory disease treatment. Black rice
cause damage by reacting with membrane lipids,
contains
DNA, RNA, proteins and may cause cell damage
superoxide dismutase that helps in preventing
which
allergies, joint pains, atherosclerosis, and other
ultimately
results
in
cell
death.
Antioxidants deactivate the free radicals before E-ISSN: 2583-1755
anti-inflammation
enzymes
like
aging related symptoms. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
3. Cancer Prevention: Inclusion of healthy diets in our regular lifestyle is one of the important steps
depletion in energy intake ultimately leads to weight loss (Min et. al., 2010).
to prevent frequently occurring cancer of colon,
Black rice contains double amount of
breast and prostate. The anthocyanin pigment of
fiber that of brown rice. Increased fiber in the
black rice is able to inhibit the oxidative stress
stool helps to come out of the body easily. Fiber
preventing carcinogenesis. Peonidin-3-glucoside
also links with the harmful compounds in the
and cyaniding have showed their inhibitory
colon, ultimately helps in removing it as a waste.
effect on cancer cell proliferation (Takashi et al.,
5. Heart Health: Intake of food that is rich in sugar,
2001). The flavonoids, plant secondary meta-
salt, saturated fat, and refined carbs is responsible
bolites are also known to have ant oxidative and
for blocking the arteries due to the formation of
ant carcinogenic mode of action.
plaque. It may cause cardiovascular disease heart
Cancer is a term indicating a large group
attack, stroke, and a rise in blood pressure (Ling
of diseases that can influence any part of the
et al., 2001). Black rice consumption helps to
body. One of the defining characters of cancer is
improve the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
the uncontrollable growth of body’s cells which
cholesterol which is considered good cholesterol.
enlarge beyond their boundaries, and also can
It also reduces the chances of heart failure due to
occupy body’s adjoining parts and spread to
the hardening of arteries. The high dietary fibre
other organs; the process of spreading is known
content of rice also helps in this aspect (Lobo et
as metastasis. Predominant cause of death from
al., 2010). A case study also includes the role of
cancer
black rice in adding up the high-density
is
due
to
extensive
metastases.
Consuming black rice helps in lowering tumour
lipoprotein
metastasis. Studies revealed anthocyanin content
cholesterol,
triglycerides,
of black rice helps to safeguard from body’s cell
lipoprotein
in
damage that can ultimately cause cancer. In fact,
cholesterolemia in rats (Jerzy et al., 2009).
anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice was seen to have an anti-cancerous effect also preventing the growth of tumours.
value
and
the
subtracting and
control
plasma
low-density of
hyper-
Constraints in black rice production The utilization of black rice as a product is still minimal in India.
4. Weight Management through Black Rice:
The black rice‘s potential has not yet optimally
Black rice is having high fiber content, which
utilized, which is one of the inhibiting factors
aids in digestive processes. Fiber is digested
for its low productivity.
slowly resulting in reduced feeling of hunger, minimum regular energy supplement. This E-ISSN: 2583-1755
It is less popular among farmers due to its inherent unfavourable traits, such as low yield, Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
highly
photo
insensitive,
a
prolonged
References
vegetative phase, and tall stature that causes its
Jerzy, Z., Aneta, K. and David, D. (2009). Effects of
loading which are the major reason for its no
black rice extract (Oryza sativa L. indica) on
adoption among farmers.
cholesterol
Lower productivity and higher prices are the reason behind in accessibility of nutrient enriched black rice by common people.
levels
and
plasma
lipid
parameters in Wistar Kyoto rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 50-56. Ling, W.H., Cheng, Q.X., Ma, J. and Wang, T. (2001). Red and black rice decrease
Future perspectives More research needs to be done in black rice to
atherosclerotic
plaque
formation
and
ensure sustainability by preserving the local
increase antioxidant status in rabbits. The
black rice species and can improving desirable
Journal of Nutrition, 131(5): 1421-1426.
traits in best rice varieties.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. and Chandra, N.
Introducing special rice (black rice, red rice
(2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and
etc.) as main crop and raising awareness among
functional foods: Impact on human health.
the people can eradicate the malnutrition to
Phcog Reviews, 4: 118-126.
some extent. To
developed
Min, S. W., Ryu, S. N. and Kim, D. H. (2010). Antivarieties
with
desirable
inflammatory effects of black rice, cyanidin-
agronomic and marketing traits can increase its
3-O-β-D-glycoside, and its metabolites,
wide adoption for cultivation in different
cyanidin
regions in India.
International Immunopharmacology, 10(8):
To produce superior varieties, improvement of phenotype and genotype is necessary.
and
protocatechuic
acid.
959-966. Oki, T., Masuda, M., Nagai, S., Nishiba, Y. and
The Indian black rice ChakHao’ is drought
Sugawara, T. (2005). Radical scavenging
tolerant and insect pest resistance. Hence, it can
activity of black and red rice. Proceedings of
be used to developed rice lines with improved
world rice research conference, Tokyo and
grain quality, yield potential and antioxidant
Tsukuba, Japan pp 256-259.
properties. Black rice productivity needs to be increased to compensate its long harvest time. As a result, it
Tiwari, H and Sunaratiya, A. (2022) Black Rice Cultivation in India. Times of Agriculture, August, 2022: 63.
is necessary to develop varieties that can give early and higher yield.
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Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Nematode as Bioindicator in Ecosystems R. D. Dodiya and N. P. Pathan What is Nematode?
Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other
Derived from Greek word: Nema - thread, oides
organisms. Abiotic factors
- resembling or form
including
rocks,
temperature and humidity.
Also known as “threadworms”, “roundworms”, “eelworms” It is Microscopic, unsegmented, triploblastic,
What is Bioindicators? Bioindicators are living organisms such as plants, planktons, animals, and microbes, which
bilaterally symmetrical, Pseudocoelomic invert-
are utilized to screen the health of the natural
ebrate
ecosystem in the environment
They are used for assessing environmental health and biogeographic changes taking place in the environment.
(Source: https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstro ng/trnov01.htm) What is Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a geographic area where
(Source: https://www.teachoo.com/11166/3197/Eco system /category/Concepts/)
plants,
Bioindicators are used to
animals and other organisms,
Detect changes in the natural environment
as
Monitor for the presence of pollution and its
well as weaher and
effect on the ecosystem in which the organism
landscape,
work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts.
lives Monitor the progress of environmental clean-up and test substances, like in drinking water to
Dr. Ashok S. Dambale Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Selu-VNMKV, Parbhani, Maharashtra
Dr. Jogesh Goswami Professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, AAU-Jorhat, Assam
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
detect the presence of contaminants Bioindicators are useful in three situations Where the indicated environmental factors can
Analyses of nematode community structure can be related to feeding types (trophic group) Nematodes as Bioindicators of Soil Quality
not be measured. Where the indicated factor is difficult to measure. Where the environmental factor is easy to measure but difficult to interpret. Classification of Bioindicators
Khanum et al. (2021) at Karachi (Pakistan) studied on population density of plant and soil nematodes found from healthy and infected plants and reported that samples collected from healthy soil exhibit more number of free living nematode and lesser number of PPN and vice versa in infected soil sample genera,
healthy plantation the bacteria feeding Acrobeles,
Eucephalobus,
Rhabditis,
Cephalobus,
Cervidellus,
Heterocephalobus,
Plectus and Tylocephalus were found, showed that these nematodes fixed the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil for which soil is healthy source for healthy plantation or it can be evaluated that the presence of nematodes indicates the soil health. Savin et al. (Source: shorturl.at/ewJLZ) Why nematode as bioindicators in ecosystems? They occur in almost every habitat (terrestrial, aquatic and marine) They occur with many species per sample or habitat They respond quickly to environmental changes They show specific respond to various types of pollution or disturbances They are in close contact with dissolved compounds in free soil water They are easily sampled and extracted from the soil, the sampling can be done in any time of the year Storage of the samples requires little space E-ISSN: 2583-1755
(2015) at Arkansas (USA) studied on mean total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) over time in soil of a phytoremediation study and they reported that as time goes total petroleum hydrocarbons are decreased down in all three plots but in CTR plot where it was unlimed, non-fertilized, non-vegetated show greater decreasing of TPH as compared to BER (limed, fertilized, bermuda grass , Cynadon dactylon L.) and FES (limed, fertilized, fescue - rye grass, Lolium multiforum L.) and when they analysis the soil sample of each particular plot they found that free-living nematodes accounted for 70, 41, and 32 (± 10)% of the nematode community in CTR, FES, and BER, respectively. Conversely, PP nematodes accounted for 27, 59, and 68 (± 9) % of CTR, FES, Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
47
and BER, respectively.
lent food web.
Nematodes as Bioindicators of Water
References
Derya et al. (2014) at Sinop (Turkey) studied
Du Preez, G. C., Daneel, M. S., Wepener, V. and
on use of nematode maturity index for the
Fourie, H. (2018). Beneficial nematodes as
determination of ecological quality of marine water
bioindicators of ecosystem health in irrigated
and they reported that Maturity index (MI) of marine
soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 132: 155-168.
nematodes decreases as organic matter content decreases and vice versa and they reported that lowest MI value at C1 site in the date of Oct’ 09 at same time OM percent also found lowest at same time and place
https://www.teachoo.com/11166/3197/Ecosystem/c ategory/Concepts/
1.htm
Preez et al. (2018) at Potchefstroom (South studied
ategory/Concepts/
https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/trnov0
Nematodes as Bioindicators of Pollutant
Africa)
https://www.teachoo.com/11166/3197/Ecosystem/c
on
average
heavy
metal
Ramzan, M., Ahmed, R. Z., Khanum, T. A., Akram, S. and Jabeen, S. (2021). Survey of root knot
concentrations (mg/kg) and pH values in study area
nematodes
at each sampling area and date and they reported that
Meloidogyne incognita in soybean from
high metal concentrations were found in each date at
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. European
polluted area as compared to control area with ph
Journal of Plant Pathology, 160(1): 1-13.
vice versa. As heavy metal concentration effect on maturity index of nematode and lower ph reduces breakdown of heavy metal so indirectly it effects on MI of nematode and also in control area more amount of free-living nematode present compared to polluted area. Conclusion
and
RMi
resistance
to
Savin, M. C., Wolf, D. C., Davis, K. J., Gbur, E. E., and Thoma, G. J. (2015). Nematodes as bioindicators of ecosystem recovery during phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil. International Journal of phytoremediation, 17(2): 182-190. Ürkmez, D., Sezgin, M. and Levent, B. A. T. (2014).
Nematode as bioindication have become
Use of nematode maturity index for the
promising methods for studying the impacts of
determination of ecological quality status: a
external factors on an ecosystem and its development
case study from the Black Sea. Journal of
and for differentiating polluted and unpolluted areas.
Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 20(2):
As far as agriculture is concern, presence of
96-107.
saprophytic nematodes in soil indicates the healthy soil for cultivation without pollution and with excelE-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Marketing Opportunities of Non Timber Forest Products Tulika Kumari, Ritambhara Singh, R.K. Meena and Rashmi Sinha
Abstract Forests, ‘Green lungs of the nation’, are not only maintaining the environmental quality, it can also generates sufficient income for forest dependent people. It provides varieties of timber and nontimber products which is not limited to timber industry only. It also provides products like fibres, paper pulp etc which has wide application in the production of medicine, essential oil, rubber etc. With the increasing demand of timber and non-timber forest products, marketing became important area. The availability of forest cover and various forest products indicate the marketing opportunity in this area. Background
number of by products like; dyes, fibre, paper pulp
Forests are considered as the “green lungs of
etc. It has wide range of application for example;
the nation” which maintains the quality of
medicinal use, essential oils, timber, wood fuels,
environment by providing clean air, water, and
rubber, fruits etc. In recent era, the demand for forest
maintaining the soil moisture by controlling soil
products like timber and non timber products are
erosion. It also maintains the biodiversity along with
growing in response to growing population. With the
variety of flora and fauna. Another important activity
increasing demand, marketing of forest products
is carbon sequestration which reduces the carbon
became important area as it connects point of
dioxide from the atmosphere and plays a critical role
production with point of consumption. Without
in reducing global warming. Forest ecosystems are
sufficient demand, there are no possibilities of
necessary for maintaining quality of air and land.
getting success. One can increase the demand
Besides ecological importance, forests also play
through promotion, branding, advertising. Marketing
crucial role in livelihood generation. Many people
is considered as an art of selling products and the
are dependent on forest products for income and
meaning of marketing is meeting the needs of
employment generation in India. Approximately,
customers with profit.
21.71 per cent of total geographical area of the
The study of customer need and segment is
country has been covered by forests which provide
crucial, thus the marketing is important to generate
varieties of timber and non timber forest products
the profit. e.g.; if someone is involved in
(FSI, 2021). The use of forest products are not just
collection/production of forest products, he incurred
confined to timber industry, it also provides large
some cost of collection/production, marketing of
Tulika Kumari, Ritambhara Singh, R.K. Meena and Rashmi Sinha Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
those products based on customer need and segment
The table indicates that the state of Arunachal
provide profit on the financial expenses incurred by
Pradesh has highest area under forest cover while the
collector/producer. Marketing of forest products
forest
provides safety net to the farm households during
geographical area is available in Lakshdweep. The
lean season or in case of crop failure. Besides this, it
various types of non wood forest products are main
leads to women empowerment as the collection and
source of livelihood of local people residing near the
marketing of non timber forest products are mostly
forest area and the list along with quantity and value
done by women (Ahmed, 2016).
is indicated in Table 2.
Opportunities in marketing of forest product
Table 2: Quantity and Value of Non wood forest products (NWFP) in India
The forest cover includes all lands more than
2. 3. 4.
Name of NWFP product Tendu Leaves Resins Honey Sal Seed
geographical area, which is distributed in almost all
5. 6. 7. 8.
Grass Lac Gum Mahua
states and UTs (FSI, 2021). The top ten states/UTs
9.
Amla
of the country which have highest percentage of
10.
Wax Total
one hectare in area with tree canopy density of more than 10 per cent. The forest cover of the country has been classified into three canopy density classes i.e., very dense forest (VDF), moderately dense forest (MDF), and open forest (OF). The total forest cover of the country is about 21.71 per cent of the total
geographical area under forest cover are presented in Table 1.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
States/UTs
Lakshdweep Mizoram A&N islands Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Tripura Goa Kerala
Source: FSI, 2021 E-ISSN: 2583-1755
1.
covers
highest
percentage
of
Key species
Quantity
Unit
Value (‘000 Rs.)
Diospyros melanoxylon Pinus spp Shorea Robusta Madhuca latifolia Embilca officinalis -
652677
MT
8391470
1057 32852 128998
MT Qlt Qlt
893645 354507 151578
4196 3849 12063 20942
MT Qlt Qlt Qlt
108635 76623 72389 33263
784
Qlt
3520
11
Qlt
88 10085718
Source: FAOSTAT, 2015 The tables indicate that the country is
Table 1: Percentage of Geographical Area under Forest Cover in Top Ten States/UTs Sl. No.
Sl. No.
which
Geographical Area 30 21,041 8,249
Total Forest Cover (km2) 27.10 17,820 6,744
% of Geographical area 90.33 84.53 81.75
83,743
66,431
79.33
22,429 22,327 16,579 10,486 3,702 38,852
17,046 16,598 12,251 7,722 2,244 21,253
76.00 74.34 73.90 73.64 60.62 54.70
endowed with the abundant forest resources, which acts as opportunity in the field of marketing and trade. The forest product industries and trade liberalization is opening the door for global trade. Increasing trade in forest products support economic growth and eradication of poverty among emerging countries. Conclusion Marketing is an art of selling goods and it is important for generating profit. When we consider the forest products for marketing and trade, India has Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
opportunity to get success. The country has enough forest cover, which can provide the various types of timber and non-timber products. Besides this, presence of forest product industries and trade liberalization act as catalyst for marketing and trade of forest products. Economic growth and alleviation of poverty goal can be achieved with the increase in marketing and trade. It has wide scope for realization of profit. During lean season, collection and marketing of forest product provide safety net to farm households. References Agarwal, S. A. (2011). Agricultural Marketing in India. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. Ahmed, M.J. (2016). Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products - A Study in Paschim Medinpur District in West Bangal, India. International Journal of Marketing Research and Review, 4(3): 330-337. FAOSTAT.
(2015).
Global
Forest
Resource
Assessment. Retrived July, 2022 from Food and Agricultural Organization. https://fradata. fao.org/IND/fra2020/nonWoodForestProduct sRemovals/ FSI. (2021). India State of Forest Report. Dehradun: Forest
Survey
of
India,
Ministry
of
Environment Forest and Climate Change. GoI. (2017). Forest. Retrived January 27, 2022, from Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. https://moef.gov.in/en/service/forest-wildlife/ forest-3/ E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
An Analysis of MicrofinanceSector in India Rashmi Sinha, Tulika Kumari and R.K. Meena
Abstract Microfinance sector in India is experiencing a massive growth. This article is an analysis of the current scenario related to the delivery mechanism of microfinance, the products that are currently available under the microfinance and what could be the future guideline for the sector. Microcredit is basically the provision of
Introduction The concept of microfinance is the related to
small of amount of credit without any collateral
the provision of financial services offered in small
which helps an individual to invest in livelihood
quantity to the economically weaker section of the
generating activities their by enabling them to raise
society so that they would be able to meet their need
their income and standard of living
related to financial products. The concept of
Microsavings enable the households to save
microfinance has its origin in Bangladesh by the
very small amount of deposits which they can utilize
Grameen Bank Model given by Mohammad Yunus.
in time of contingencies, the access to saving
The major financial services under the microfinance
products to the client also helps them in inculcating
sector includes microcredit, micro-savings micro-
the habit of saving. These saving accounts are free
insurance.
from the requirement of Average monthly balances. Microinsurance are the insurance facilities
Microfinance Products The services provided under microfinance
provides to the individuals at low cost the sum of
helps an individual with low income to have access
premium of which is low and according to the
to credit facilities for the purpose of generating
requirements of the clients. These insurance policies
livelihood activities as well as meeting consumption
includes general microinsurance related to health,
need, providing financial security against losses, and
accidents, livestock and crop protection and Life
inculcating the habit of saving to meet future
microinsurance in terms of endowment and term
contingencies. The importance of these services are
plans.
that they are not delivered in traditional ways but
Delivery Mechanism of Microfinance in India
these are delivered to client according to their need and requirements.
In India currently Microfinance is delivered through two model mainly:
Rashmi Sinha, Tulika Kumari and R.K. Meena Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme Microfinance institutes
itutes emerged in late 1980s in India and their business expanded soon after the financial sector reforms took place in 1990s. These MFIs give loans
The SHG bank linkage is programme was
for both purposes production as well as consumption
started by NABARD in 1992 as a pilot project with
but in 2015 Reserve Bank of India makes it
500 SHG. SHG refers to a group of 10-20 people
compulsory to give 50% of loan for the income
from hom*ogenous class who are formed for purpose
generating activities. The legal form of MFIs could
of providing saving and loans product. The major
be:
characteristics of such as group is joint liability for
NBFC- MFI
loans which ensures that they repay their loans on
NBFC
time. The SHG bank linkage model is delivered
Section 8 Companies
through mainly three models.
Other NGO-MFIs (in form of society,trust, cooperatives, Local Area Bank)
The first model is direct linkage between the individual SHG and Bank, here in many cases NGOs
But as the data published by Sa-dhan suggest
or the self-help promoting institutes play the role of
that approx. 80% of MFI are registered as NBFC-
supporting institute which provides training to the
MFI.
people related to the formation and organisation of
The microfinance sector regulated by RBI,
thrift or credit groups. These institutes also conduct
NABARD along with Government of India through
capacity development programmes the group related
different policy measures.
to livelihood generation.
Current Scenario
The second model is where there is direct
Currently according to the Annual report of
linkage between bank and SHG and there is no role
NABARD (2022) there is a rising trend in the total
of Supporting institutes in formation of such SHG.
deposit and credit linked to SHG through SHG bank
These groups were formed by the member
linkage programme. In 2011 the total amount of
themselves only based on their problems or the
credit and deposit linked to SHG is 14547.73 and
activity in which they are involved.
7016.3 crore respectively while this number rose to
The third model is where the NGOs or SHPI
99729.22 crores and 47240.48 crores in 2022
acts as a financial intermediary between the bank and
respectively. A similar trend has been observed in
SHG. They promote those SHGs which are generally
case of MFI also according to the report of Bharat
nurtured and formed by them.
Microfinance (2021) the gross loan portfolio of MFI
Microfinance is also delivered in India through Micro Finance Institutes (MFIs). These instE-ISSN: 2583-1755
has increased from 24332 crores in 2011 to 113459 crores in 2021. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Among these in case of SHG bank linkage
are functioning in this sector a detailed norms for the
programme approx. 80% are exclusively women
whole microfinance industry would only serve the
groups. Similarly in case of MFIs also 95% of the
purpose. As we are trying to cater the need of bottom
clients are women. Hence microfinance is not only
of the pyramid people therefore protecting their right
promoting financial inclusion but also playing an
is utmost important since these people have no or
important role in women empowerment.
meagre resources available hence even a slight
Microfinance sector is important because it is
breach in transparency in loan pricing and recovery
helping the government in the financial inclusion
system could again trigger the crisis in the economy.
programme. Financial inclusion is an important step
Client protection and providing them respectful
for reducing poverty and raising livelihood of the
treatment is hence utmost important if we want to
vulnerable section of the society. It is also said to be
deliver microfinance product in a sustainable way.
an important enabler to achieve the 7 of the 17
Similarly in India Microcredit is the synonym for
Sustainable Development Goals which includes
microfinance sector which is not true in the case we
eradicating poverty, ending hunger, achieving food
need to focus on research and development for
security and promoting sustainable agriculture,
bringing innovative microfinance product with
profiting health and well-being, achieving gender
flexible payment system to satisfy the different
equality and economic empowerment of women,
financial need of the clients.
promoting economic growth and jobs, supporting
References
industry, innovation, and infrastructure and reducing
NABARD (2022). Status of Microfinance in India
inequality.
2021-22.
Way Forward
nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/27072
The microfinance sector is experiencing a boom but few things that the policy maker must need
Retrieved
from
https://www.
25843somfi-2021-22-final-english.pdf Sa-Dhan (2021). The Bharat Microfinance Report
to put attention on the client protection, rate of
2021.
Retrieved
from
https://www.sa-
interest, multiple loans which lead the clients to over
dhan.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/BM
indebtedness. Although after the crisis of Andhra
R-2021.pdf
Pradesh RBI has taken preventive measures based on the recommendations of the Committee formed under the Chairman of Shri Y H Malegam who study the various issues and concerns in the MFI sector. But this regulatory framework is developed mainly for NBFC- MFIs. There are other entities also that E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Biopesticides: Novel Tools for Pest Management Mrs. Mahendra and Rukshana mmes (IPM) to make it more sustainable since it
Introduction Biopesticides are the biological agents or
lacks phytotoxicity, leaves no residues and is eco-
plant-based products used to control the population
friendly (Bhattacharyya et al., 2016).
of injurious organisms to the ecosystem. They are
Biopesticides: Global and Indian Perspective
naturally occurring substances from living organisms
The
contribution
of
biopesticides
to
(natural enemies) or their products (microbial
insecticide sector accounts for 15% of the total
products, phytochemicals) and their by-products
insecticide
(semiochemicals) that can control pests by non-toxic
biopesticides in the world market is around $3 billion
mechanisms (Salma and Jogen, 2011). They are
accounting for 5% of the total crop protection
considered asminimal risk products safe to human
(Marrone, 2014). The growth rate of a biopesticides
and his environment. It includes the use of
is increased to 15%. In a successful natural control
botanicals, microbial pathogens such as fungi,
program, only 15% of biocontrol agents for control
bacteria, viruses and natural enemies of pests such as
of insect pests have been identified. Commercially
parasitoids and predators, nematodes and semio-
more than 125 species of natural enemies are
chemicals. Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides
available as biopesticides. Almost 90% of the
resulted in the development of resistance, resurgence
microbial biopesticides currently available in the
and outbreak of secondary pests. Stringent regulation
market are derived from only one entomopathogenic
in the use of synthetkic pesticides and the demand for
bacteria, i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Major
organics
biopesticides.
producers and users of biopesticides in the world are
Management of pests without using harmful
the United States (US), European Union (EU) and
chemicals to human health and the environment is
India. In the US market, more than 200 Bt products
possible only by using biopesticides (Chandler et al.,
and in EU 60 Bt-based products and 60 analogous
2011). Biopesticides play an important role in
products are commercially available (Kumar and
sustainable agriculture (Prasad et al., 2014). It causes
Singh, 2015). According to the report of India
mortality by substantially reducing arthropod
Biopesticides Market Insights, the Indian bio-
populations before it reaches the economic threshold
pesticides market is expected to reach INR 316
level. There is an urgent requirement to include
Billion by 2024 from INR 197 billion during 2018.
biopesticides in Integrated Pest Management Progra-
Biopesticides market potential in India is remarkably
promote
the
use
of
market.
The
estimated
share
Mrs. Mahendra and Rukshana Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
of
huge as the crop losses due to pest is about USD 9259
Protection Agency on the type of ingredient used,
million per annum. However, presently, the
biopesticides are categorized into three major classes
biopesticides market accounts for only 5% of the
(1) microbial, (2) plant-incorporated protectants and
pesticide industry. The Central Insecticides Board
(3) biochemical and (Olson, 2015).
and Registration Committee (CIBRC) in India have
Microbial Pesticides
registered about 970 microbial formulations. Further,
Microbial pesticides are the largest group of
about 200 entomopathogenic fungi-based products
pest-specific,
are available for commercial use. Among them,
Microbial pesticides include use of microbes such as
Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium
bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans as active
anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii and Hirsutella
ingredients for the management of insect pests. They
thompsonii are widely used against arthropods. A
are relatively precise for their target species.
total of 45 products of Bt are commercially available.
Microbial biopesticides are self-perpetuating, host-
B. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki is widely used
specific and environment-friendly. Among the most
against bollworms, loopers and other lepidopterans.
widely used microorganisms against insect pests is
B.
and
Bt. It is used to control a wide array of pests
sphaericus are used against the mosquito. Among
including lepidopterans, coleopterans and dipterans
viruses, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) are used
(Gill et al., 1992).
against bollworms and armyworms. Rao and
Plant-Incorporated Protectants (PIPs): They are
Manjunath (1966) demonstrated the use of first
also called as genetically modified crops. Plant-
entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpo-
incorporated protectants are pesticidal substances
capsae
of
produced by plants and the genetic material required
lepidopteran pests of rice, sugarcane and apple in
to produce such substances are introduced into the
India.
of
plants to offer resistance against pests. Pesticidal
entomopathogenic nematode such as Heteror-
proteins separated from the bacteria or fungi are
habditis indica, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. abbasi,
introduced into the plant and the genetically
S. thermophilum, S. riobrave were also exploited for
modified plants resist against specific pests. A
the management of field pests. The development of
typical example of this is use of Bt protein to develop
wettable formulation from H. indica with an
PIP thorough the process of genetic engineering. Bt
extended shelf life of 12 months is commercially
toxin is hostspecific, achieves quick mortality of the
available in India (Kumar et al., 2019).
pests usually within 48 h (Siegel, 2001). No harmful
Categories of Biopesticides
effect on the ecosystem and it does not harm
thuringiensis
subspecies
(DD-136strain)
Several
other
for
israelensis
the
indigenous
control
strains
Based on the classification by Environmental E-ISSN: 2583-1755
broad-spectrum
biopesticides.
vertebrates (Lacey et al., 2015). Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Biochemical Pesticides: They are also known as
ction and sporulation. They are less virulent than
herbal pesticides (Pal et al., 2013). They are naturally
obligate pathogens. Two categories of facultative
occurring substances and secondary metabolites that
pathogens
control pests. Most widely used biochemical
crystalliferous. Crystalliferous bacteria produce
pesticide is from neem and neembased formulations
proteinaceous crystals responsible for its toxicity.
such as neem oil, neem seed kernel extract, neem
These are mostly spore formers. The bacterium B.
extract concentrates from bark and leaves which are
thuringiensis berliner is a crystalliferous spore
available in India. Also, essential oils from canola,
former commercially exploited as the biocontrol
tea tree, lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) and
agent.
are
crystalliferous
and
non-
pyrethrin from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium are
3. Potential pathogens: Potential pathogens can
used as biochemical pesticides. Diatomaceous earth
easily be cultured on artificial media and have a
(DE) derived from fossilized sediments of numerous
wide host range. e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
marine and freshwater siliceous organisms especially
and Serratia marcescens used against root-knot
diatoms and other algae are used against an array of
nematodes and Phyllophaga blanchardi used
field pests. It has high absorption potential cause
against coleopteran pests. The non-invasive and
abrasion and desiccation in insect cuticle and finally
non-spore forming nature of these pathogens
results in death of insect.against an array of field
limits them as promising biocontrol agents.
pests. It's high absorption potential cause abrasion
Reference
and desiccation in insect cuticle and at last ends up
Al-Farsi, M., Alasalvar, C. and Morris A, et al.
in death of insect.
(2005).
Biopesticides Derived from Bacteria
character-ristics of three native sun-dried
Bacterial pesticides are broadly classified into three
date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown
categories
in Oman. Journal of Agricultural and Food
1. Obligate pathogens: These pathogens require
Chemistr, 53: 7586-7591, 2005.
special
conditions
and
media
for
Compositional
and
sensory
growth
Bhattacharyya, A., Duraisamy, P., Govindarajan, M.,
reproduction and sporulation. They have a very
Buhroo, A.A. and Prasad, R. (2016) Nano-
narrow host and most of them are spore formers.
biofungicides: emerging trend in insect pest
They have good stability. For example: Bacillus
control. In: Prasad R (ed) Advances and
papillae and B. lentimorbus cause milky disease
applications through fungal nanobiotech-
in white grub populations.
nology. Springer International Publishing,
2. Facultative pathogens: Facultative pathogens do
Switzerland, pp 307-319.
not require special conditions for growth, reproduE-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Gill, S.S., Cowles, E.A., Pietrantonio, P.V. (1992). The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins.
Annual
Review
Entomolgy,
37(1): 615-634 Lacey, L.A., Grzywacz, D., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Frutos, R., Brownbridge, M. and Goettel, M.S. (2015). Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. Journal of Invertebr Pathololgy, 132: 1-41 Olson, S. (2015). An analysis of the biopesticide market now and where it is going. Outlooks Pest Management, 26(5): 203-206 Pal, G.K., Kumar, B. and Shahi, S.K. (2013). Antifungal activity of some common weed extracts
against
phytopathogenic
fungi
Alternaria spp. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy Life Sciences, 3(2): 614. Prasad, R., Kumar, V. and Prasad, K.S. (2014). Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: present concerns and future aspects. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(6): 705-713 Salma, M. and Jogen, C.K. (2011). A review on the use
of
biopesticides
management.
in
International
insect
pest
Journal
of
Science Advance Technology, 1: 169-178. Siegel, J.P. (2001). The mammalian safety of Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides. Journal of Invertebr Pathology, 77(1): 13-21
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
Amaranthus and its Nutritional Value Vinay Kumar Introduction
fasting. The crop is also utilised for natural dyes in
Amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), which is locally known as “rajgeera” (the king's grain), which was first cultivated in Central and
countries where amaranth is not grown as a grain crop. Protein content
South America. Since ancient times, crops have been grown in both the old and new worlds as grains crop. In India, Amaranthus is widely cultivated in the SubHimalayan ranges and in the Nilgiri hills of South India. In the Himalayas two grain species i.e. A. hypochondriacus and A. caudatus are mostly grown Amaranthus is a dual purpose crop used both for grains and greens.
In
make it a valuable food crop for the world’s destitute. It contains 16-18% protein (the crude protein content of grain ranges from 12.5 to 17.6% dry matter), which is higher than in other common cereals except soybeans. In addition, the crop delivers a perfect balance of critical amino acids that the body cannot synthesis. Amaranthus grain also contains minerals
Amaranthus belongs to: Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus
Amaranthus unique nutritional qualities
and vitamins. Grain protein includes around 5%
Plantae Magnoliphyta Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Amaranthus
agriculture,
Amaranthus
lysine and 4.4% sulphur amino acids, both of which are the limiting amino acids in other grains. Amaranthus leaves contain 17.4 - 38.3 % dry is
mostly
cultivate for grain, vegetables, decorative, and dye plants. It is also a good source of nutritional proteins, calories, minerals, and vitamins A and C. The tender leaves of the young plant are high in vitamins A and C, as well as riboflavin and folic acid. They make a
matter as crude protein, averaging 5% lysine and thus having potential as a protein supplement. The presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, and oxalates might have a negative effect on leaf protein concentrate quality. Lipid content
fantastic green salad and can be cooked in dishes
Grain amaranthus total lipid content ranges
such as amaranthus quiche. Because of its excellent
from 5.4 to 17.0% dry matter and has a high level of
nutritional value and ease of digestion, it is used as a
unsaturation (about 75%), with over 50% linoleic
food security crop. Amaranthus has traditionally
acid. The predominant unsaturated fatty acids in
been offered to persons recovering from illness or
amaranthus is linoleic in seeds (49%) and stems (46
Vinay Kumar Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
59
%), and linolenic in leaves (42%), while palmitic
Amaranthus has special importance in India
acid accounts for 18-25% of total fatty acids in seeds,
since it is taken on religious fast days. Grains can be
stems, and leaves.
used to make a wide range of processed foods,
Vitamins & minerals
including infant cereal food, snacks, protein drinks,
Leaves are also a good source of vitamins C
hypo-allergenic foods, biscuits, flakes, cake, and
and A, with 420 ppm of vitamin C and 250 ppm of
pastry. Health benefits of amaranthus grain is
β-Carotene on average (Wills et al., 1984). Minerals
elaborate in figure 1.
such as potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium are
Reference
also present in substantial concentrations, with
Wills, R.B.H., Wong, A.W.K., Scriven, F.M and
average iron concentrations of 287 ppm and 2.1%
Greenfield, H. (1984). Nutrient composition
calcium (dry matter).
of Chinese vegetables. Journal of Agriculture
Calcium oxalate and nitrate
and Food Chemistry, 32: 413.
Much of the calcium in amaranthus plant may be in the form of calcium oxalate, which is physiologically inactive. The presence of large amounts of oxalate(s), ranging from 0.2 to 11.4% (dry weight), may limit availability of these nutrients. The press cakes formed during the processing of amaranth leaf protein concentrate contained low quantities of nitrate and oxalate and would be a valuable feed source for ruminants.
Fig. 1: Health benefits of amaranthus grain E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Shelter Management of Dairy Animals for Profitable Dairy Farming Asif Mohammad Introduction
Points to be taken in to account while construction
Shelter management is one of the most
of shelter
important aspects of the proper management of dairy
The construction of animal sheds in a
animals. In dairying, milk production not only
scientific manner is essential for improved dairy
depends on the best breeds but also on animal health
farming. The following important points should be
and housing management (Singh et al., 2015).
taken into account while the construction of the
Construction of an animal shed by keeping in view
animal shed
weather conditions, and the comfort of animals can
The animal shed should be constructed in such
ensure better productivity of animals. Altering the
a way that it can provide maximum comfort to
housing design is an immediate and cost-effective
animals
approach to reducing the magnitude of the climatic
The building materials of the animal shed
change on livestock production (Kumar et al., 2021).
should not cause any health problems or
The production potential of dairy animals increases
irritation to animals
housing
The animal shelter should be built at a height
systems. Heat or cold stress, and high uncomfortable
from ground level so that, flood water cannot
humidity can reduce the milk yield as well as average
enter the animal shed. Moreover, arrangements
daily body weight gain. Shelter clearly improves
for regular cleaning of the shed should be
animal welfare (Tucker et al., 2007). Better housing
made.
significantly
in
thermo-comfortable
arrangements not only provide shelter but also keep the animals in a comfortable zone, especially during
The arrangements for cross ventilation in the animal shed should be built.
severe environmental conditions i.e. either extremely
It should be kept in mind while construction of
cold or hot when animals are most vulnerable to
shed that free movement of the animal farmer
getting afflicted with stress conditions (Madkar et
can be ensured so that feed and other care to
al., 2021). Thus, special emphasis should be given to
animals
the construction of a housing system for dairy
hindrance.
animals that can provide good protection from harsh environments for better productivity.
can
be
provided
without
any
The milking of animals is a very important activity. The animal housing design should be developed in such a way that the milking opera-
Asif Mohammad Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, E.R.S., Kalyani, West Bengal
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tion of cattle can be done easily Maintaining hygienic conditions in and around the cattle yard should be given top priority Selection of site for construction of animal shed The site for the animal shed should be selected in such places with a good drainage system. The shed must be located in a dry place. An area that can be submerged easily or a low-lying area may not be selected for the construction of animal shed. The animal shed should always be constructed on land which is located at a height from ground level. Land with a natural slope is ideal for animal shelter construction as it helps in the easy drainage of water. Type of housing system for dairy animals
set free at the time of grazing. In this type of shed, sick animals can be identified very easily and separate care can be taken for each animal. Requirement of space for construction of animal shed The area required for different type of cattle are shown in the following table: Type of animal
Calf (less than eight months of age) Calf (more than eight months of age) Heifer Adult cattle Bull Bullock
Close space (metre2) 1.00
Open space (metre2) 2.00
Length of manger (in cm) 40-50
2.00
4.00
40-50
2.00 3.50 12.00 3.50
4.00-5.00 7.00 120.00 7.00
45- 60 60-75 60-75 60-75
Conclusion
There is generally two types of housing
The construction of animal sheds should be
system commonly followed in any commercial farm,
given proper attention to get the maximum benefit
1. Loose housing system and 2. Close housing
from dairy farming. An ample amount of trees should
system. The details of both housing system are given
be planted around the cattle shed so that the animals
as follows:
can be protected from the heat of direct sunlight.
1. Loose housing system: In loose housing systems
Good ventilation should be there in an animal shed.
animals are kept open within four walls of the
Cleanliness and hygiene should be maintained in the
animal shed. At one corner of this type of shed,
shed to avoid diseases of animals. Free and easy
feeding manger and water trough are kept.
movement of farmers should be ensured while
Animals can move freely and can drink and feed
designing animal shed as it helps in the good
easily. In this type of animal housing system,
maintenance of animals. Animal shed with good
chances of getting injured or occurrence of lesions
ventilation, drainage facility, and ample space can
on feet or udder are very low. Moreover, the
ensure better productivity of animals. Scientific
construction cost of this type of shed is low.
designing and logical selection of animal shelters
2. Close housing system: In close housing system
guarantee better returns from the dairy business.
animals are reared through tying in one place.
References
Animals get feed and water in tied conditions.
Kumar, R., Thakur, A., Thakur, R. and Dogra, P. K.
They are milked also in a tied condition. They are
(2021). Livestock shelter management: Clim-
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62
ate change perspective. In V. Sejian, S. S. Chauhan, C. Devaraj, P. K. Malik, & R. Bhatta (Eds.), Climate Change and Livestock Production: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives (pp. 129-140). Springer. Madkar, A. R., Dutt, T., Boro, P. and Verma, M. R. (2021). Housing and shelter management practices followed by dairy owners of Western Maharashtra. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 9(1): 978-982 Singh, M., Chakravarty, R., Bhanotra, A., & Kumar, M. (2015). Dairy animal health and housing management practices followed by tribal dairy farmers of Ranchi, Jharkhand. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 5(3): 199-206. Tucker, C. B., Rogers, A. R., Verkerk, G. A., Kendall, P. E., Webster, J. R., & Matthews, L. R. (2007). Effects of shelter and body condition on the behaviour and physiology of dairy cattle in winter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 105(1): 1-13.
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Bio-pharming and Food System: Exploring the Potential Benefits and Hazard M. K. Ghasolia, S. S. Rajput and A. K. Meena
Abstract Biopharming (means crops are used as drug-producing bioreactors) offers tremendous economic and health benefits stimulated by improving biotechnology methods. However, these benefits must be weighed against the potential risks to the food supply system and the costs of containing pharma crops to meet zero-tolerance contamination requirements. A combination of strong and adaptable regulatory oversight with technological innovations is required to achieve the twin goals of capturing the benefits of biopharming and safeguarding the food system and the environment. This paper examines the demand pull driving biopharming and the risk and liabilities to agriculture and reviews the regulatory and technological responses to the containment challenge faced by the food industry. unique challenges for the food and agricultural sector
Introduction Advances in genetic engineering now make it
and federal regulators. The challenge arises from the
possible to use crops such as corn and tobacco as
strict requirement enforced by federal regulations
drug
bioreactors
that plants grown for pharmaceutical and industrial
(biopharming) may soon represent one of the most
compounds (not approved for food and feed use)
important developments in US agriculture, as
must stay clear of the food system under a zero-
pharmaceutical and chemical industries use field
tolerance standard. The key issue is whether the
crops to produce therapeutic proteins, drugs, and
economic payoffs from growing pharmaceutical
vaccines. Pharmaceutical crops represent a radical
plants outweigh the costs associated with the risk of
departure from the traditional idea of crops as a
food system contamination.
source of food, feed, and fiber. The main driver for
Drug Developments and the Appeal of Plant-
pharmaceutical crops comes from the biotech and
Made Pharmaceuticals
factories.
Plants
used
as
pharmaceutical industry, where there is a growing
The drug development process within the
recognition of the vast economic potential of using
pharmaceutical
plants as platforms for drugs and therapeutic
significant transformation over the last two decades,
compounds. However, biopharming also presents
driven largely by biotechnology advances.
industry
has
experienced
M. K. Ghasolia, S. S. Rajput and A. K. Meena Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, SKN College of Agriculture, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur
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a
64
Biotechnology played a key role in the expansion of large-molecule drugs (as opposed to the smallmolecule
manufactured
Medical Association (2003), 500 biopharmaceuticals
further
are estimated to be in clinical trials globally, 378 of
stimulated the trend toward biological sources for
which are in earlier stages (Phase I and II), while 122
drugs and therapeutics. These drugs, known as
are in Phase III or awaiting FDA approval. Using
biologics, include any protein, virus, therapeutic
historical trends for drug approval rates, industry
serum, vaccine, and blood component. Another
analysts expect an average of six or seven new large-
major impact of biotechnology was to enable the
molecule drugs to reach the market each year over
industry to move beyond simple replication of
the next several years (Ginsberg, Bhatia, & McMinn,
human proteins (such as insulin or growth
2002). These monoclonal antibodies, which require
hormones). Rather, new biopharmaceuticals are
a large production capacity, are expected to make up
genetically engineered proteins targeting some of the
about a third of all new therapeutics. Building on
major illnesses in industrial countries, such as
recent successes and drug approvals, the strong
cancer, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases-all
biotech therapeutics pipeline is creating a serious
critical to an expanding aging population. In the last
supply shortage for drug manufacturing and inducing
two decades, there has been an unprecedented
extended market disequilibrium, where demand far
interest in proteins and antibodies (as opposed to the
outstrips supply.
traditional small-molecule drugs) stemming from
Biopharming and the Food Industry
Moreover,
by
According to the Pharmaceutical Research
chemical
synthesis).
drugs
(IMS Health, 2003).
biotechnology
their potential to tackle a whole array of new diseases
Given the potential risks and liabilities
that have not been addressed by small-molecule
associated with accidental commingling with the
drugs. An advantage of these large-scale molecule
food supply, and facing the daunting task of ensuring
drugs is their ability to target diseases in a very
near-100% containment, the food and the biotech
specific manner, thus maximizing efficacy while
industries have taken a precautionary approach to
minimizing side effects. Hence, the market share of
pharmaceutical crops and support for risk-based
biologic-derived drugs has been growing at a much
regulations. The Prodigene incident case in 2002
higher rate because of their perceived safety and
illustrates the type of risks facing the food industry.
effectiveness. For an industry that reached $430
In Nebraska, during the 2002 growing season,
billion of global drug sales, the average industry
APHIS inspectors discovered “pharmaceutical”
growth of small-molecule drugs is around 7-8% over
volunteer corn growing in a soybean field. The corn
the next decade, compared to the 15% growth rate for
was from the previous year, when Prodigene had
the therapeutic protein segment over the same period
tested a pharmaceutical corn to produce a swine
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vaccine. As a result, both the harvested soybeans
corn field trials, beginning in 2003, and the
(500 bushels) and the entire soybean load of 500,000
concurrent rise of tobacco field trials.
bushels in local elevator were quarantined. In another
In the medium and long term, improved
accident in Iowa, the USDA forced Prodigene to
confinement methods may require new and
burn 155 acres of conventional corn that may have
innovative responses
cross-pollinated with some of the company’s
industry itself. Many biotech companies are
pharmaceutical plants. In both cases, the infraction
currently
was viewed to come from Prodigene’s failure to
combine both greenhouses and confined facilities
adhere to permit protocols issued by APHIS.
with open fields. Other firms use plants in
Prodigene was fined US$250,000 and required to
completely closed facilities or greenhouses. An
pay approximately $3 million for the cleanup costs
example is Medicago, which grows biopharma-
and disposal of contaminated corn and soybeans.
ceutical
pursuing
alfalfa
for
from
the biotechnology
production
strategies
therapeutic
that
proteins
in
Although the quick discovery and resolution
greenhouses. Under this system, the company can
of the Prodigene incidence was credited to the
produce up to 9 kg year-1 of protein with a unit value
effectiveness of the existing regulations and
of $10,000 per gram of protein using one 1,300-
oversight, the incidents themselves provided the
square-foot greenhouse (Zavon & Flinn, 2003).
industry with a precedent for what could happen in
Conclusions
the future as more pharmaceutical crops are grown in
Plant-made pharmaceuticals represent a
open fields. It is generally agreed that a 100%
significant development in the ongoing biotech-
guarantee of zero contamination may be an
nology revolution. But are they inevitable? Certainly
impossible goal to achieve under field growing
pharmaceutical crops’ lower production and capital
conditions. This presents the food industry with
costs and their greater production flexibility give
several challenges requiring consensual responses.
them a strong appeal as biofactories for drug
More immediately, a coalition of food industries
development. However, many scientific, regulatory,
seems to favor the inclusion of food-safety
and economic hurdles remain. First, as a new
assessment by event prior to issuing a permit. An
technology, PMPs have yet to fully demonstrate
implication of such an approach is a better handle on
“proof of concept”; the suitability of green plants for
risk in case the containment fails. In practice, such an
protein manufacture is still not fully resolved.
approach would tilt the current research and
Although the economics seem compelling, and all
development away from food crops (such as corn) in
the trends so far point toward feasibility, until these
favor of nonfood crops (tobacco). This may explain,
are approved by the FDA for commercial use, there
in part, the drop in the number of pharmaceutical
is still a large segment within the drug industry that
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66
is not yet convinced that plant proteins will be as
Available on the World Wide Web: http://
effective as animal-based proteins. A second
www.phrma.org.
obstacle may come from new technological developments, which may or may not continue to favor open-field cultivation compared to confined greenhouse production. A third obstacle is that the cost advantage of PMPs could change in favor of other
production
technological
(expression)
improvements
platforms in
with
fermentation
processing or with animal-based transgenics (such as the use of milk glands as the production medium). Realistically, plants need to be viewed as just one possibility
among
many
for
manufacturing
therapeutic proteins. PMPs could evolve along several paths. They could either dominate specific therapeutic
protein
markets
or
monopolize
biogenerics. Overall, plant transgenics will likely be the favorite expression system with proteins that do not express well in traditional systems, are given in large doses, or for which production costs make them too expensive to bring to market. Reference Ginsberg, P.L., Bhatia, S. and McMinn, R.L. (2002). The road ahead for biologics manufacturing. U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray Biotechnology Report. IMS Health. (2003). IMS world review. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.imsglobal.com/insight/insight.htm Pharmaceutical Research Medical Association. (2003). A decade of innovation: Advances in the pharmaceutical treatment of disease. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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67
Integrated Pest Management of Aphids, Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon pisum in Lentil Crop (Lens culinaris Medikus) Ashutosh Singh Aman, Arun Kumar, Pawan Kumar, Pramod Kumar Mishra and Naval Datt
Abstract Aphids are the major destructive pest of lentil that is the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and the Cowpea or groundnut aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch these sap sucking aphids are found throughout the world in regions with temperate climates. Aphids can cause damage up to 100% in severe condition. Economic threshold level of pea aphids in lentil is 30-40 aphids per 1800 sweep of a 38 cm diameter of insect net and generally ETL of cowpea aphid is 20 per 2.5cm shoot length. Farmers often choose synthetic pesticide or chemical management tactics for instant result and also which is cost effective to them regardless to environmental health concern. Researchers must disseminate information and make awareness to farmers regarding Integrative Pest Management (IPM) approaches from lab to land programme and convince farmers to adopt IPM tactics to achieve successful pest management in their field. ospheric nitrogen about 46-192 kg ha-1 that’s the
Introduction Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is the fourth
reason for lentil production farmers usually do not
most important annual pulse crop of Rabi season. It
use nitrogenous fertilizers. Thus, it plays a
is popularly known as Masoor. Lentil is called as
significant role in human and animal feeding and
poor man’s meat because of its rich nutritional value
improvement of soil. As it can also grow under water
viz., protein 28%, carbohydrates 59%, high fibre
stress condition poor farmers can easily afford cost
content and high amount of vitamin-A, vitamin-B,
of lentil cultivation. The important lentil growing
iron and potassium and low proportion of sodium and
countries in the world are Canada, India, Australia,
fat that regulates growth and development and most
Turkey, United States, Nepal, Syria, Bangladesh and
beneficial to human health. Animal feeds on lentil
China. The total cultivated area of lentil in India is
straw as it has low cellulose content and its
13.03 lakh ha-1 and production is 11.03 lakh tonnes
vegetative parts can be used as green manure.
with an average productivity 847 kg-1 ha during
Sowing of lentil done in the mid October to first
2019-20. Aphid is the major destructive pest of lentil
week of November. Lentil crop has ability to fix atm-
that is the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and
Ashutosh Singh Aman, Arun Kumar, Pramod Kumar Mishra and Naval Datt Department of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur
Pawan Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
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68
the Cowpea or groundnut aphid, Aphis craccivora
adopt IPM tactics to achieve successful pest
Koch also known as bean aphid and black legume
management in their field.
aphid belongs to order hom*optera and family
Host plant and Distribution: Pea aphid is a
Aphididae are the major Hemipteran insect species
devastative polyphagous sucking pest which has
of lentil. Origin place of both aphids are Europe and
broad host range viz., faba bean, alfalfa, lentil,
Asia now these aphids are found throughout the
chickpea, pea, clover and broad bean. Cowpea aphid
world in regions with temperate climates. Pea aphid
has wide host range viz., french bean, cowpea, lentil,
variously known by other common names such as
mung bean, lucerne, peanut, pigeon pea etc. These
green dolphin, pea louse and clover louse. Aphids
aphids are distributed throughout the world where
can destroy about 25-50% of developing plants, in
ever Fabaceae or Leguminosae family crops are
severe condition pea aphid may damage up to 100%
grown viz., Asia, Africa, North, South & Central
of standing crop if control decision is not taken
America, the Caribbean, Australia, Europe and New
within time. Economic threshold level of pea aphids
Zealand.
in lentil is 30-40 aphids per 180 sweep of a 38 cm
Morphological identification: Cowpea aphid eggs
diameter of insect net and generally ETL of cowpea
are in slate grey in colour which hatches and nymph
aphid is 20 per 2.5 cm shoot length. Both nymphs
emerges from it. Nymphs are dull greyish and lightly
and adults of aphid suck the plant cell sap from
powdered in appearance. Adults are soft bodied
almost all parts of the plant except roots resulting in
shiny black in colour and smaller in size about 2.5
less setting of flowers, stunted growth with less
mm long. Females reproduce parthenogentically in
number of pods. Heavily aphid infested plants
the tropics and subtropics. Whereas adult of pea
growth gets stunted and produce few, smaller pods
aphids are pear shape, soft bodied and green yellow
and seeds. Infestation or attack of aphids in the early
or pink in colour, long legged and slightly larger than
stage of lentil crop leads to plant death through cell
cowpea aphid that is 3-4 mm long. It has long
sap sucking. Indian farmers often choose synthetic
cornicles and has both form alate (winged females)
pesticides to get rid from insect pest of their crop
and apterous form (wingless females) generally these
instantly. All over farmers go through instant result
are females and males are rare.
of management and also which is cost effective to them regardless to environmental health concern. It mostly occurs due to lack of information and researchers must disseminate information regarding Integrative Pest Management (IPM) approaches from lab to land programme and convince farmers to E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Nature of damage: A. craccivora and A. pisum both are polyphagous sucking pest which mainly prefer Leguminosae crops. Both nymphs and adults of aphid suck the plant cell sap from young shoots, leaves, inflorescence and fruits almost all parts of the plant except roots and honey dew secretion of aphids Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
69
produce
sooty
mould
and
interfere
with
photosynthetic activity of plants. Ants feed on honeydew secretion produced by aphid and deter predators.
Fig. 2: Life cycle of A. pisum and A. craccivora Various integrative pest management strategies for aphids Frequent monitoring should be done regularly to Fig. 1: Damaging symptoms of A. craccivora and A. pisum in lentil crop Damaging symptoms: Symptoms like less setting of
new vegetative growth of lentil crop, be sure to check underside of leaves.
flowers, curling and distortion of leaves, turning of
Removal of alternate host weed plants from the
leaves pale and dry, stunted growth with less number
field or field bunds which act as alternate host
of pods are seen. But in case of cowpea aphid lentil
for aphids.
is not much suitable host. These aphids act as vector
Grow less susceptible to aphids or resistant to
which spread viral diseases in lentil and other crops
viral diseases like L 4729, and several viral
by transmitting virus alfalfa and cucumber mosaic
disease free lentil germplasm has been reported.
virus (CMV), especially cowpea aphid which
Follow crop rotation with non-host crops.
transmits lentil tobacco streak virus.
Avoid application of over dose of nitrogen
Biological life cycle: Eggs of pea aphid usually hatch within 1-2 days and duration of nymph period ranges to 3-5 days and adult of pea aphid lives about 9-11 days. Reproduction is usually parthogenetic and viviparous and it takes about a week to complete one generation and several overlapping generations are found whereas adult of cowpea aphid lives about 515 days. Both aphids go through four nymphal instars before moulting into an adult.
fertilizer
otherwise
infestation
of
aphid
increases. Use only the amount recommended on the fertilizer label. In aphid infested fields erection of yellow sticky traps @ 6-8 acre-1 for mass trapping should be done. Spray botanical based pesticides like Neem oil 3% @ 2 ml L-1 or Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 5%. Spray
microbial
based
insecticides
like
Beauveria bassiana @ 4.00 g or ml L-1 or MetaE-ISSN: 2583-1755
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70
rhizium anisopliae is also effective against
cold water to dislodge the aphids from plant are very
aphids.
effective management but not applicable to every
Conserve predators such as various ladybird
crop especially to tender herbaceous crops.
beetles viz., Hippodamia convergens and Coccinella
septempunctata,
Chrysoperla
green
lacewing
carnea, hoverfly Episyrphus
balteatus the damsel bug Nabis rugosis (L.) and minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.), and various spiders.
Fig.
Conserve parasitoids of aphids such as parasitic wasp, Aphadius sp., Aphalinus sp. and Diaeretiella rapae. Following insecticides are applied or sprayed are Thiomethoxam 25 % WP @ 0.2ml L-1, Lambda -1
cyhalothrin @ 2 ml L and Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 3.0 ml 10 L-1 of water and also combined insecticide
also
sprayed
for
effective
management of aphids like Chlorantraniliprole + Lambda cyhalothrin (Besiego*, Voliam Xpress*) and Spirotetramat + Imidacloprid (Movento Energy*).
4:
Biological control by Hippodamia convergens, Aphidius ervi, and Minute pirate Bug Conclusion: Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is the fourth most important annual pulse crop of Rabi season. It is popularly known as Masoor. The total cultivated area of lentil in India is 13.03 lakh ha-1 and production is 11.03 lakh tonnes during 2019-20. Aphid causes heavy losses in lentil crops in order to get rid from aphids IPM tactics should be adopted. References Erskine, W., Rihawe, S. and Capper B.S. (1990). Variation in lentil straw quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 28:61-69. Kara, K. (2003). Field crops. Ataturk University, Faculty
of
Agricultural
Engineering,
Erzurum, Turkey, 307. Kishor, D. R., Prasad, R., Moses, S., Kumar, M. and Singh, P. P. (2019). Varietal screening of various genotypes of lentil against aphid and Fig. 3: IPM strategies like strong jet of water, yellow sticky trap, botanical pesticides, predator and parasitoids
pod borer. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7(1): 687-690.
*Note: Various integrated management tactics such
Stevenson, P. C., Dhillon, M. K., Sharma, H. C. and
as Silver-coloured reflective mulches, pruning of
Bouhssini, M. E. (2007). Insect pests of lentil
colonised and curled leaves by aphids, strong jet of
and their management. Springer, 331-348.
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Egg Parasitoid: Major Group of Natural Enemies in Pest Control Mrs. Mahendra and Dr. V. S. Acharya Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Tricho-
are red. Host eggs that have been parasitized by
grammatidae)
Trichogramma will turn solid black after about four
A natural enemies of the European corn
days.
borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an important native parasitoid of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis was selected for introduction from China. Although naturally occurring populations of T. minutum Riley, T. pretiosum Riley and T. nubilale Ertle and Davis, have been reported to parasitize European corn borer eggs on corn in the USA, they generally contribute little to control. Although, European corn borer egg masses were collected each spring following summers of release, no T. ostriniae have been
Habitat It is only found during the season in which it is being released. Inundative and inoculative releases have been made exclusively in sweet corn and this is the only habitat from which it has been recovered. Pests Attacked (Host Range)
recovered thus far in New York, indicating that it does not overwinter. Because of its effectiveness against O. furnacalis in Asia, Trichogramma ostriniae was also identified as a possible paracitoid for augmentative
Most effort to date with T. ostriniae has been
biological control of European corn borer.
directed against European corn borer in sweet corn.
Appearance
There have also been limited trials against
Like others species of Trichogramma, the
diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella in crucifers
adult T. ostriniae is minute (80%) of
the egg and adults chew an emergence hole to escape.
European corn borer egg masses. However, despite
At a constant 80°F, it takes about 10 days from the
the high levels of parasitism, damage to sweet corn
time of parasitism to emergence of wasps. Under
was still too high.
laboratory conditions, on average, 2.1 wasps emerged
from
Helicoverpa
eggs
zea, vs
of
the
corn
1.0, from
More recent work has demonstrated that
earworm,
early season inoculative releases show promise.
the smaller
Releases of 30,000 T. ostriniae per acre have resulted
diamondback moth egg.
in season-long parasitism of corn borer egg masses.
In the absence of food, female wasps live
The relatively few released wasps, successfully
about 2.7 days and produce 22 progeny. If they have
reproduced and dispersed in sweet corn. In 1997, we
access to honey, their lifespan increases to 13.9 days
recorded parasitism levels of 50-80% two months
and the number of progeny increases to 86. This
following an inoculative release, even in fields
implies that the provision of food (e.g., flowers with
treated with insecticides for control of worm pests.
nectaries) under field conditions may improve the
Results in 1998 were similar to those in 1997.
effectiveness of releases.
Whether or not these releases reduced damage to the
Typically, 80% of the progeny are female. T.
crop is not known.
ostriniae can successfully parasitize eggs of the
Researchers reported that releases of T.
European corn borer until the “blackhead” stage
ostriniae made in sweet corn in Massachusetts, were
(larvae are within 24 hrs of emerging). This
adversely affected by high or low temperatures and
relatively broad window of susceptibility to
that more European corn borer eggs were parasitized
parasitism increases the likelihood of successful
in the lower two- the sweet corn plant than in the
attack and control in an augmentative biological
upper one-third. They also reported that parasitism
control program.
was similar on day two or three following a release,
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73
suggesting a limited life span for wasps in the field.
humidity. These natural controls are important and
If T. ostriniae is to be used for inundative release,
need to be conserved and considered when making
they recommended that releases should be made
pest management decisions. In many instances the
every two to three days. Researchers have also
importance of natural enemies has not been
investigated the functional response of T. ostriniae to
adequately studied or does not become apparent until
various densities of European com borer egg masses.
insecticide use is stopped or reduced. Often the best
In contrast to the recent research with
we can do is to recognize that these factors are
inoculative releases in New York (discussed above),
present and minimize negative impacts on them. If
the results reported by the researchers suggest that T.
an insecticide is needed, every effort should be made
ostriniae does not persist very long in the field. It is
to use a selective
possible that the persistence observed in New York
manner.Pesticide Susceptibility Adult wasps are at
is due to this species now overwintering and not due
great risk from insecticide applications and most will
to the inoculative releases. Additional study is
be killed by applications of broad-spectrum
required to determine if T. ostriniae is now
materials. However, wasps developing within host
successfully overwintering.
eggs are somewhat protected from insecticides and
Conservation
will develop and ultimately emerge.
If Trichogramma is being released, the use of broad-spectrum insecticides should be minimized. Pest-selective insecticides would be preferred. The conservation of natural enemies is
material in a selective
Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) The egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis has been present worldwide because of its importance as a parasitoid of the southern green stink bug, Nezara
probably the most important and readily available
viridula.
biological control practice available to growers.
Appearance
Natural enemies occur in all production systems,
Minute black wasp with downward elbowed
from the backyard garden to the commercial field.
antennae and flattened abdomen. Wing veins are not
They are adapted to the local environment and to the
obvious.
target pest, and their conservation is generally simple and cost-effective. With relatively little effort the activity of these natural enemies can be observed. Lacewings, lady beetles, hover fly larvae, and parasitized aphid mummies are almost always present in aphid colonies. Fungus-infected adult flies
Habitat (Crops) T. basalis most likely occurs in all crops
are often common following periods of high
attacked by southern green stinkbug including cotton
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74
grains, soybeans and other legumes, tomatoes and
host is not available, and it is not known to be subject
other solanaceous crops, sweet corn, sunflower, cole
to hyperparasitism or pathogens in North America.
crops, cucurbits, fruit and nut crops.
T. basalis has a high female to male ratio (up to 5:1)
Pests Attacked
which increases its effectiveness as a parasitoid.
The primary host of T. basalis is the southern green stinkbug. T. basalis also attacks the eggs of
Pesticide Susceptibility In field trials, T. basalis was little affected by
other species of stinkbugs.
applications of permethrin, but was susceptible to
Life Cycle
methyl parathion, especially within the first six
T. basalis adults mate immediately after
hours. The methyl parathion also killed some wasps
emerging from host eggs. The female typically
as they exited the host eggs, probably from spray
inserts one egg into a host egg. Heaviest parasitoid
residue on the egg exterior being ingested as they
egg production occurs during the first few days after
chewed through.
emergence, then tapers off. The average number of
Conservation
eggs produced per female was 230-300 in one
A nectar source is helpful to other scelionid
laboratory study. Adults emerge from the host eggs
wasps and may also provide nourishment for T.
in 9 to 12 days. The life-cycle averages about 23 days
basalis.
at 22°C.
Refercence
Relative Effectiveness
Colazza, S., Salerno, G. and Wajnberg, E. (1999).
T. basalis has long been considered to be
Volatile and contact chemicals released by
effective at controlling southern green stinkbug.
Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
However, recent studies indicate that control by T.
have a kairomonal effect on the egg
basalis may not be the success previously thought. In
parasitoid Trissolcus
addition, T. basalis has not provided consistent
Scelionidae). Biological Control, 16: 310-317
control of southern green stinkbug on soybeans in the
Iqbal, A., Chen, Y.M., Hou, Y.Y., Ruan C.C.,
southern United States. Strains of T. basalis from Italy, Spain, and
basalis (Hymenoptera:
Desneux, N., Khan, M.Q., Zang, L.S. (2021). Rearing Trichogramma
ostriniae
on
the
France were introduced into California in 1987 and
factitious host Antheraea pernyi via multi-
field research showed that 87% of the eggs per mass
parasitism
and 80% of all southern green stinkbug egg masses
facilitates
examined by researchers were parasitized by T.
against Ostrinia
basalis. T. basalis disperses and reproduces well, it
Control, 156: 104567.
with
Trichogramma
enhanced
biocontrol
furnacalis.
chilonis potential Biological
parasitizes other stinkbug species when its preferred E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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75
Jones,
W .A.
(1988). World
Review
of
the
Parasitoids of the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara
viridula (L)
(Heteroptera:
Pentatomidae). Annals of Entomology Society America, 81: 262-273. Zhang, Z.L., Huang, R.S., Zhu, Y., Wang, S.Q., Kang, Z.J., Pan, Y.C., Yin, Y.H., Zhang, W.S., Yun, X.Q. and Sun, A.H. (1979). Primary
study
on
controlling Ostrinia
furnacalis by using Trichogramma ostriniae. Chinease Bulletin of Entomology, 16: 207210.
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76
Sticky Trap: A Better Alternative to Insecticides Sushanta Sarkar The biggest problem of farmers is how to
stored product pest beetles, mites and scorpions, are
protect their crops. Every year their crops suffer
readily trapped by sticky traps.
heavy losses due to pests like thrips, aphid, fruit fly
How do sticky traps work?
etc. Pesticides and other types of chemicals are
Sticky traps work by making use of the fact
available to prevent them, but they are so expensive
that insects are instinctively attracted to the
that in the end only the farmers suffer losses. But
respective colour of the traps as well as the light
farmers can save their crops from pests without the
reflected by them. This causes the insects to fly
use of insecticides without any expense. For that, the
towards the traps and get stuck in the glue.
farmers should use sticky traps. In modern
Types of sticky traps
agricultural production method, it is suggested to use
Sticky traps come in several colours, as
minimum chemical spraying to control any insect
different species of insects are attracted to different
and mechanical control means such as pheromone
colours.
traps, light traps and sticky traps. Sticky traps are
Yellow sticky trap: Yellow sticky traps are the
less effective in trapping bed bugs and flying insects.
most well-known sticky traps. Many insects are
If sticky traps are used at the right time, crop loss can
attracted to the yellow colour as it is the colour of
be reduced by 40 to 50 percent.
flowers. Yellow sticky traps are effective against
What are sticky traps?
whiteflies, aphids and leaf miners. These sticky
Sticky traps are generally coloured papers or
traps are mostly used in vegetable crops.
plastic boards that are dyed with the same colour on
Blue sticky trap: Blue sticky traps are specially
both sides and coated with sticky glue which can
used to control thrips which damages paddy,
withstand sunlight and water for a long time. The
flowers and vegetables.
insects get stuck to this glue, after which they are not
White sticky trap: White sticky traps are mainly
able to harm the crop plants. It can protect crops
used in fruits and vegetables for fly beetles (such
without the use of any chemicals and it is much
as apple sawfly and pulm sawfly) and bug
cheaper than chemicals. Most sticky traps do not
insects.
contain
pesticides,
although
some
may
be
impregnated with aromas to attract certain pests.
Black sticky trap: These traps are used for the American pinworm in tomato field.
Some of the pests including spiders, co*ckroaches, Sushanta Sarkar Technical Officer, GKMS Project, Bihar Agricultural College, Bhagalpur
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77 Red sticky traps: Red sticky traps are used to
problem. However, there are many ways to deal with
control the pear blight beetle. This pest is mainly
unwanted insects in the garden, and each has its
common in orchards and vineyards. It attacks
advantages and disadvantages. Sticky Trap is
cherry trees, apple trees and pear trees.
beneficial in the following ways:
Orange sticky traps: Orange sticky traps are
Sticky traps are non-toxic and chemical free so
used for the carrot fly. Theis pest not only attacks
does not cause any ill effect on the health of
carrots, but can also damage celery and parsnips.
humans. They are eco-friendly. The glue used in sticky traps can withstand sunlight and water for a long time. Sticky traps are great products for reducing the number of pests in small areas. Insects are attracted to the coloured sticky traps from a long distance. Sticky traps can be used in the garden to control bugs.
Method of application Start using the traps from early stage of the crop, before pests start to infect the crop. Use 24 - 40 sticky traps per acre. Suspend the traps at a height of about one feet
Where can you purchase sticky traps? Sticky traps can be purchased through online outlets easily. Another commercial source may be your local pest control shop. Make sticky trap at home
from the height of the crop plants and adjust
It is available ready-made in the market and
while the plants grow. Insects will get attracted
can be made at home as well. To make this, take one
by the colour and start sticking on it.
and a half feet long and one feet wide coloured paper,
The traps will remain sticky and attractive for
card board, hard board or a piece of tin of the same
several months. They should be replaced sooner
size. Then apply a thin surface of white grease on it.
if more than 70 percent of the surface is covered
Apart from this, a bamboo and a string will be
with insects or dust.
required on which this sticky trap will be hanged. It
Sticky traps must be placed in areas where the risk of pest infestation is high, Advantages of sticky traps Protecting field plants from pests is a real E-ISSN: 2583-1755
will cost you 20 to 30 rupees to make a sticky trap. 10-15 sticky traps are sufficient for one acre area. If you lack gum, you can use castor oil or mobile oil instead. But for that, instead of paper, you have to Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
78 use plastic foil. Tins, hard boards and plastic sheets can be cleaned and reused over and over again. Whereas the traps made of carton and cardboard get spoiled after a couple of uses. To clean the trap, clean it with hot water and apply grease again and hang it in the field.
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79
Modern Cultvation of Carrot Crop (Daucus carota) in India: An Overview Rajat Rajput, Satyarath Sonkar, Vikash Patel and Arun Kumar
Abstract Carrots are a fast-growing crop that are high in carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, and have significant amounts of thiamine and riboflavin. The two main ingredients in carrot flavour are sugar and volatile terpenoids. The cultivation of carrots in India is investigated in the current research. The research that was evaluated in the study covered numerous issues with carrot farming in India and other countries. This analysis will aid future research and open the door for sustainable carrot production in India. Improved productivity and more income for farmers are two benefits of new approaches in the carrot industry. A drink called “kanji,” which makes a tasty
Introduction Carrot is an ancient cool season root
appetiser, is made with purple and black carrots. In
vegetable. Roots are used for making soups, stews,
France, essential oils that are extracted from seeds
curries, pies, pickles and for salad purposes. Sweet
are used to flavour booze and various food
preparation ‘gajar halwa’ prepared out of carrot is
alternatives.
delicious and popular. Roots are also canned. Carrot
Origin
roots are rich sources of α and β carotenes (1890 μ
According to Mackevic (1929), given the
g/100 g) and contain sucrose 10 times that of glucose
wide variety of morphological and root features
or fructose. The leaves of carrots are a good source
present, Afghanistan is one of the main genesis
of leaf protein. It is used for making poultry feeds as
regions for carrots. India also has significant root
well as fodder. Medicinal benefits of carrots are
variety, pointing to India as an additional origin
numerous. It boosts urine production and aids in uric
region. The range of root colours includes
acid eviction. People with gallstones, constipation,
completely colourless, bright lemon, light orange,
and heat issues can benefit from its cooling impact.
deep orange, light purple, deep purple, and practica-
Rajat Rajput Department of Vegetable Science, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut
Satyarath Sonkar Department of Fruit Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
Vikash Patel Department of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
Arun Kumar Department of Vegetable Science, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda
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80
lly black.
drought. Temperature has significant influence on
Botany
colour and development of roots. A temperature
A carrot root is a thick, fleshy annual or
range of 15.5-21.1 oC is the best for colour
biennial herb that is 30-120 cm tall and has an upright
development. Carotene content decreases above 21.1
or branching stem. Pinnate describes the shape of the
o
C and below 15.5 oC. Young roots are typically
leaves. The fleshy tap root's edible section has an
yellowish in colour, but as carotenoids pigments
inner core and an outside cortex made of phloem
build up, the colour of the roots can change to white
(xylem). The second phase produces the inflore-
yellow, bright yellow, dark yellow, orange, or orange
scence, which is a compound umbel. In a single
red. Old phloem cells accumulate carotene first, then
umbel, anthesis takes 7-9 days to complete. Bisexual
old xylem vessels, and ultimately the centre core.
flowers have petals that are either white or yellow.
Cultivars / Varieties
The alleged carrot seed is actually an indehiscent
In India, people choose cultivars with roots
mericarp, a fruit that contains a single seed. The
that are long, smooth, and orange in colour. India
actual carrot fruit, a two-loculed ovary, pairs with
grows a wide range of cultivars, both native and
two mericarps to form a single rhizocarp.
alien, with varying temperature requirements, root
Root development
length, size, form, and colour requirements, and crop
The root often rises in diameter after first becoming longer in most cultivars. The tap root
duration requirements. Additionally, categories of temperate and tropical varieties are categorised.
achieves its ideal length 12 to 16 days after seeding.
a. Temperate or European or biennial types require
There are numerous elements that affect the size and
a low temperature of 4-8 oC for flowering. They
shape of roots. Cracking, forking, and branching of
do not produce seeds in plains of India, e.g.,
roots can be brought on by a variety of
Nantes,
circ*mstances, including varietal characteristics, un-
Yamadagini and Ooty 1.
Half
long,
Early
Nantes,
Pusa
decomposed organic debris, any barrier to its
b. Tropical or Asiatic or oriental or annual types
downward growth, etc. Temperature has an impact
which do not require low temperature for
on root form as well. At 18° C, the roots of the variety
flowering and they produce seeds in plains of
Chantney grow longer and more thin, whereas at 24°
North India. E.g., Pusa Kesar, Pusa Meghali.
C, they grow shorter and thicker. Deep depressions
Brief description of important varieties
on roots are brought on by high temperatures and
Tropical varieties
erratic water flow, which results in rough root
Pusa Kesar: Evolved at IARI, New Delhi by
surfaces. A white corky protrusion where side roots
selection from a cross between Local Red and Nantes
could form is caused by over irrigation following a
Half Long. Roots are scarlet in colour sufficiently red
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81
coloured central core compared to yellow or white
110 days.
core in Local; roots stay one month more than the
Zino: Introduced from Germany in the Nilgiris hills
Local red without bolting; contains high carotene (38
of Tamil Nadu by the State Department of
mg/100 g).
Horticulture; roots deep orange with self coloured
Pusa Meghali: Selection made at IARI, New Delhi
core; duration 110-120 days.
by crossing Pusa Kesar and Nantes. It has long
Imported
varieties
like
Danvers
and
orange coloured tapering roots with self coloured
Imperator are also popular in the country. Gold King
roots.
Indian Kuroda, Nebora and Super Kuroda are a few
Hisar Gairic: Roots long (18.5 cm), tapering, light
of the carrot varieties marketed by private seed
brick red in colour, less fibrous with thin self
industry.
colouring core. Yield 25-30 t ha-1.
Climate The growth of roots' shape and colour is
European varieties Nantes Half Long: The variety commonly known as
greatly influenced by climatic and soil conditions. In
Nantes is evolved at IARI Regional Station, Katrain;
North India's hills, carrot is grown in the spring,
roots are small, slim, rough, sweet, cylindrical and
summer, and autumn. In the plains, it is grown in the
stumpy with abrupt tail; the core is small and self-
winter. Ideal temperature for germination of seeds is
coloured; yield is 15-20 t ha-1 in 90-110 days.
7.2-23.9o C, while for root growth and development
Early Nantes: Roots almost cylindrical terminating
it is 18.3-23.9o C. Tropical types produce roots even
abruptly in small thin tail, 12-15 cm long, orange
at a temperature of 25o C.
flesh with self-coloured core; duration 90-100 days.
European types require a low temperature of
Chantenay: Suitable for canning and storage; roots
4.8-10.0oC for 4-6 weeks at any time during
are reddish orange with a length of 11.5-15.0 cm.
development of roots or after they mature either in
Chaman: Developed at SKUA&T, Srinagar; roots
storage or in field. Seed stalk formation takes place
long, cylindrical and semi blunt; tolerant to cracking;
only when plants are subjected to a subsequent
yields 25-27 t ha-1.
temperature of 12.2-21.1oC.
Pusa Yamadagini: Developed at IARI Regional
Soil
Station, Katrain; roots 15-16 cm long, orange with
Friable soils that are deep and well-drained
self coloured core, slightly tapering and semi-stumpy
are necessary for healthy root growth. Sandier soil is
with medium top; 9-10 t ha-1 in 90-100 days.
favoured for early cropping, whereas siltier soil
Ooty-1: Developed at Horticultural Research Station
produces higher yields. In light soil, long-rooted
(TNAU), Udhagamandalam: roots are 25 cm long
varieties thrive. Round and heart-shaped roots are
-1
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favoured in short stump-rooted types in heavy soils. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
82
In hard soils, roots will be rough and coarse. The
crop, of which entire dose of farmyard manure, half
ideal soil pH is 6.6-7.1
N and full P and K are to be applied as basal dose at
Land preparation and sowing
the time of final land preparation. Remaining dose of
Soil is ploughed to a fine tilth. Utmost can should be taken to remove clods, stones etc. Land is
N can be applied at the time of first hoeing. Interculture
then made to ridges and furrows at 30-45 cm apart in
A week is needed for carrot seeds to
small plots of convenient size for irrigation. Seeds
germination, and young seedlings develop slowly at
are sown on ridges or on flat beds either by dibbling
first. After seeding, the first irrigation should be
in lines or by broadcasting. Seeds are first rubbed to
applied right away, followed by a second one 4-6
remove fine hairs and mixed with fine sand before
days later. For healthy root growth, soil should be
sowing to facilitate even distribution. For sowing in
kept wet by regular, light watering. Extreme
lines, a small furrow of about 1.5 cm deep is made at
watering, especially in the last stages, should be
top or on either side of ridges with finger or with
avoided as it may promote excessive vegetative
sharp end of a stick. By hand, sand and seed mixtures
growth.
are placed in the furrow, which is then softly filled
Since seedlings grow very slowly care should
with dirt.
be taken to remove weed growth during initial stages.
Seed rate
It is not necessary to dirt up carrot roots since
Seed rate varies from 6 to 10 kg ha-1
they do not sprout like radish roots do. For
depending on variety and sowing. Seedlings should
appropriate soil aeration and to avoid crown
be thinned to a plant-to-plant distance of 5-8 cm,
discoloration, the soil should be hoed often.
soon after they are established. Otherwise, over-
Harvest
crowding leads to deformed roots. It is advisable to
Roots growing on ridges are often harvested
give light irrigation immediately after sowing or to
by digging up the soil with a shovel, then pulling the
soak seeds in water for 12-24 hours before sowing to
roots out by gripping the tops. Roots are dug out with
hasten germination.
a shovel on level ground after the top is removed
Sowing time
close to the ground. For simple uprooting, a light
August to November in plains and March to July in hills. Manuring In addition to 20-25 tonnes of farmyard manure, a fertilizer dose of 40-50 kg N, 40-50 kg P2O5 and 80-100 kg K2O is recommended for the E-ISSN: 2583-1755
watering is typically used prior to harvest. Yield varies with season, climate, varieties etc. Tropical types yield 20-30 t ha-1 and European types yield 1015 t ha-1. Harvested roots are placed in mulberry baskets and cleaned by dipping them in blooming Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
83
water.
Then,
before
being
sent
to
far-off
show small, irregular yellow areas that turn dark
marketplaces, the roots are partially dried, graded,
brown and water soaked. Brown to maroon
and clippeds. Trimming, grading etc. are done at a
lesions is formed on the roots. Before sowing,
cool place. Fresh Carrot roots can be stored for 3-4
seeds should be treated with hot water (50 QC)
days under ordinary conditions and for six months at
for 15 minutes. Planting of crop relatively at
0o C and 93-98% RH.
wider spacing proves beneficial.
Seed production
Pest
In plains, tropical annual species generate
Carrot fly: The flies are attracted by the pungent
seeds, whereas temperate biennial species do so in
smell of the carrot foliage and find small areas of
hills. It is advised to produce carrot seeds using both
disturbed soil near the rows and burrow into the
the root to seed and seed to seed procedures. The
roots making them malformed, decayed and unfit
seed-to-seed approach is used to increase seed
for consumption. Affected roots cause wilting of
output. The root to seed approach is used to obtain
foliage and foliage becomes rusty coloured. It is
high-quality seeds. However, a significant amount of
advisable to plant a few rows of onion in the
root rot is observed using this strategy. Roots should
carrot field as smell of onion leaves acts as
be planted without being chopped in order to prevent
repellent to the flies. Spraying of Dimethoate
root rot in transplanted crops. Due to protandry,
0.03% twice or thrice will control the insect.
carrots are a cross-pollinated crop, and honey bees
Lycus bug: Damages seed crop and reduces
pollinate them. Being a cross-pollinated crop, allow
viability and germination of seeds. Seed
an isolation distance of 1000 m from other varieties.
treatment with insecticides controls this pest.
Opening of umbel starts from periphery and completed within 6-7 days. Seed yield is 500-600 kg
Physiological disorders Cavity spot: This is primarily caused by calcium
ha-1.
deficiency
Plant protection measures
Symptoms appear as a cavity in cortex.
Disease
induced
by
excess
potassium.
Carrot splitting: Splitting or cracking of roots is
Powdery mildew: White powdery spots appear
a major problem in carrot cultivation. Though
on leaves and roots. Below the spot, the area
this is a genetic character, other factors are also
becomes brown or purplish. Dusting of sulphur
influencing cracking. Excess nitrogen and its
powder, spraying of Maneb 80% @ 2.5 kg ha-1 at
untimely application promote cracking.
least twice at an interval of 10 days to control the disease effectively. Bacterial blight or root rot: Affected roots E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Conclusions Carrot is very popular vegetable in India; it is specially grown during winters season it is very Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
84
common to see vegetable vendors selling bright red and orange carrots for the customers. Carrot is an integral part of Indian diet in winters. It is used in many well-known recipes from north to south and east to west. The carrot root is a good source of carotenoids, vitamins, and dietary fibre and is also rich in minerals and antioxidants.
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Precision Agriculture: A New Dimension of Indian Agriculture Anuj Kumar, Devi Lal Kikraliya, Ram Singh Choudhary and Narendra Padra Introduction
Need of Precision Farming
Precision agriculture (PA) also known as
The global food system faces formidable
“precision farming”, “site-specific crop manage-
challenges today that will increase markedly over the
ment”, “prescription farming” and “variable rate
next 40 years. Much can be achieved immediately
technology”, has been developing since 1990s, and
with current technologies and knowledge, given
refers to agricultural management systems carefully
sufficient will and investment. But coping with
tailoring soil and crop management to fit the different
future challenges will require more radical changes
conditions found in each field. It is a key component
to the food system and investment in research to
of the third wave of modern agricultural revolutions
provide new solutions to novel problems. The
(Ghosh et al., 2022). In the wake of climate change,
decline in the total productivity, diminishing and
depletion of natural resources and an imminent food
degrading
crisis, India must move beyond aggressive farming
incomes, lack of ecoregional approach, declining and
and towards precision farming. Precision farming, at
fragmented land holdings, trade liberalization on
a nascent stage in India, can help the country become
agriculture, limited employment opportunities in
the top agricultural producer across the globe by
non-farm sector, and global climatic variation have
maximising farm productivity and profitability.
become major concerns in agricultural growth and
According to Pierce and Nowak (1999), precision
development.
natural
resources,
stagnating
farm
agriculture can be defined as the application of
Therefore, the use of newly emerged
principles and technologies to manage spatial and
technology adoption is seen as one key to increase
temporal variability associated with all aspects of
agriculture productivity in the future. Instead of
agricultural production for the purpose of improving
managing an entire field based upon some
crop performance and environmental quality.
hypothetical average condition, which may not exist anywhere in the field, a precision farming approach Anuj Kumar
Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Agriculture University, Kota
Devi Lal Kikraliya Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, SKRAU, Bikaner
Ram Singh Choudhary Research Scholar, Department of Horticulture, Agriculture University, Kota
Narendra Padra Research Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agriculture University, Kota
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recognizes site-specific differences within fields and
thus reducing of nutrient along with deep
adjusts management actions accordingly. Farmers
percolations.
usually are aware that their fields have variable yields across the landscape. These variations can be traced to management practices, soil properties and/or environmental characteristics. The level of knowledge of field conditions is difficult to maintain
Reducing erosion, runoff and sedimentation of water bodies. Why Precision Farming? To enhance productivity in agriculture with respect to profit.
because of the large sizes and changes due to annual
Prevents soil degradation in cultivable land.
shifts in leasing arrangements in the farm area. So,
Reduction of chemical use in crop production.
the entire farm area has to be divided into small farm
Efficient use of water resources.
units of 50 cents or less. Precision agriculture offers
Dissemination of modern farm practices to
the potential to automate and simplify the collection
improve quality, quantity & reduced cost of
and analysis of information. It allows management
production in agricultural crop.
decisions to be made and quickly implemented on
Advantages
small areas within larger fields (Hakkim et al., 2016).
Reduce fertilizer costs.
Objectives
Reduce chemical application costs.
Promotion of new venture in the ‘Agriculture
Reduce pollution through poor use of chemicals.
and its allied sector’ bringing together various
Improve crop yields.
component of agriculture to exploit the
Provide better information for management
variability. Reduction in cost of cultivation due to sitespecific crop management practices. Increase in production efficiency of inputs due to site-specific management of inputs.
decisions. Provide better farm records essential for sale and succession. Disadvantages Techniques are still under development and so it
Reduction in soil and environmental pollution.
is important to take specialist advice before
Reduction in the application of nutrients
making expensive decisions.
especially nitrogen fertilizer thus reducing nitrate in underground water and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere. Reduction in chemicals does through variable rate application technology. Reduction in the application of irrigation water E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Initial capital costs may be high and so it should be seen as a long-term investment. It may take several years before you have sufficient data to fully implement the system. Extremely
demanding
work
particularly
collecting and then analysing the data. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
87
Component/tools or techniques of precision farming/geo-informatics In the past, it was difficult for researchers to correlate production techniques and crop yields with resources variability. Precision farming in the form of farming location-specific practices is adopted playing due to consideration of spatial variability of
Map overlay function in GIS
land to maximize crop production and minimize the
Computerized GIS maps are different
cost of inputs with the least damage to the
from conventional maps and it’s containing
environment, soil, water and human health. The
various layers of information. GIS can use any
major components of precision farming are;
information that includes location. The location
Geographical information system (GIS), Geogra-
can be expressed in many different ways, such as
phical positioning system (GPS), Remote sensing,
latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code. Many
Variable rate technology, NDVI, Nutrient expert
different types of information can be compared
system, SSNM, Bio-intensive farming, Real-time
and contrasted using GIS. The system can include
nitrogen management, DRIS approach, Soil testing
data about people, such as population, income, or
and yield monitoring.
education level. It can include information about
1. Geographical information system (GIS): The
the landscape, such as the location of streams,
use of GIS was started in 1960. GIS is a computerized mapping system to acquire, store, analyse and display information that is specially referenced to the earth. It is software that imports, exports and processes spatially and temporally geographically distributed data. GIS system provides a way to overlay different layers of data, these
data
used
for
land
use,
irrigation
management, the study of the crop, soil and environment etc. this system comprises hardware, software and procedures designed to support the compilation, storage, retrieval and analysis of feature attributes and location data to produce the map. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds of soil. It can include information about the sites of factories, farms, and schools, or storm drains, roads, and electric power lines. If, for example, a rare plant is observed in three different places, GIS analysis might show that the plants are all on north-facing slopes that are above an elevation of 1,000 feet and that get more than ten inches of rain per year. GIS maps can then display all locations in the area that have similar conditions, so researchers know where to look for more of the rare plants. 2. Geographical positioning system (GPS): The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
88
system it utilizes a network of 24 satellites in outer
of VRT: 1. Map-based control: a map of
space that helps to user to record positional
application rates is produced for the field before
information’s (latitude, longitude and altitude) by
the operation. 2. Real-time control: decisions
using satellites. GPS It has a 95% probability that
about what rates to apply in different locations are
the given position on the earth will be within 10-
made using information gathered during the
15 meters of the actual position. GPS allows
operation. This requires sensors to detect
precise mapping of the farms and together with
necessary information on ‘on-the-go and is
appropriate software informs the farmer about the
usually designed for a specific job such as
status of his crop and which part of the farm
herbicide application. The variable rate applicator
requires what input such as water or fertilizer
has three components. These include control
and/or pesticides etc.
computer, locator and actuator. The application
3. Remote sensing (RS): These are generally categories of aerial or satellite sensors. They can
map is loaded into a computer mounted on a variable-rate applicator.
indicate variations in the colours of the field that
Requirements of VRA systems
corresponds to changes in soil type, crop
Prescription maps to provide site- or zone-specific
development, field boundaries, roads, water, etc.
input rates.
Arial and satellite imagery can be processed to
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) such
provide vegetative indices, which reflect the
as GPS to help the applicator interpret the
health of the plant.
prescription map.
4. Variable Rate Technology (VRT): Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer, chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
Variable-rate
capable
machinery
(sprayer,
spreader, etc.). A controller that uses application maps to vary the
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field.
rate of input.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from
5. Normalised
difference
vegetation
index
the simple control of flow rate to the more comple
(NDVI): NDVI value given by Green Seeker. It
x management of rate, chemical mix and
provides a crude estimate of vegetation health and
application pattern. VRA can match changes in
means of monitoring the change in vegetation
crop yield potential with specific input rates
over time.
resulting in a more efficient system and
NDVI = 𝑁𝐼𝑅 −𝑃𝐴𝑅/𝑁𝐼𝑅 +𝑃𝐴𝑅
minimizing potential environmental impacts.
Where: NIR is near-infrared radiation and PAR is
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability
photosynthetically active radiation. NDVI value
between management zones. There are two types
range = +1 to -1 (+1 for dark green vegetation area
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89
and -1 for vegetation less area).
9. Real-time nitrogen management: It means
6. Nutrient expert system: It is computer-based decision
nutrition
supply for improving nitrogen use efficiency and
recommendation for rice, wheat and maize for an
crop yield. Techniques (Instrumentation) used
individual farmer in presence and absence of soil
for real-time N2 management; 1. Chlorophyll
testing data. This tool also estimates attainable
(SPAD) meter, 2. Leaf colour chart (For rice
yield for farmers based on growing conditions.
crop), 3. Through green seeker (It is given NDVI
This tool was developed by ‘International Plant
value).
Nutrition
tool
provide
Institute’.
It
balance
synchronization between crop N2 demand and
is
used
for
all
10. DRIS approach: This technique is useful for
macronutrients. It helps in reducing the wastage of
nutrient analysis in the plant. The full form of
nutrients. It also generates location-specific
DRIS
nutrient management.
integrated system. It was given by Beaufils,
7. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM):
1973.
is
Diagnosis
This
technique
and
recommendation
considered
nutrient
SSNM approach is based on feeding crops with
concentration ratio in the plant rather than
nutrients when needed. SSNM replies on 5R’s i.e.
individual element concentration.
Right dose, time, place, method and source. The
Basic Steps in Precision Agriculture
processes of SSNM are; Establishment of an
The basic steps in precision agriculture are:
attainable yield target. Effective utilization of
Assessing variation
indigenous nutrient resources. Apply fertilizer to
Managing variation
fill the deficit between crop need and indigenous
Evaluation
supply. 8. Bio-intensive
Precision Technologies for Assessing Variability organic
To perform site-specific management, it is
agricultural system. It focused on maximum yield
crucial to understand and assess the spatial and
from a minimum area of land while simultan-
temporal variability of the topographic factors and
eously maintaining and improving the fertility of
their interactions that affect crop production. Various
the soil. It aims is producing maximum biomass
technologies, including Global Positioning System
per unit area. The concept and practices of bio-
(GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), yield
intensive farming introduce by Alan Chadwick in
monitors and remote and proximal sensing, assist in
the USA. Components of bio-intensive farming
data collection to characterize within-field variability
are: Raised bed, BBF, FIRB, intensive planting,
in soil and crop properties. Based on these data and
intercropping, companion planting and whole
other information, farmers can apply the right
system energy
amount of the right resources (such as fertilizers, pes-
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
farming:
It
is
an
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
90
ticides, and water) at the right place and at the right
efficient practices (e.g., improved management of
time in the field. As a result of the developments in
fertilizer use and other inputs) (Hemathilake and
PA technologies during the last several decades, the
Gunathilake, 2022).
ability to produce more detailed spatial information
Drawbacks of Precision Agriculture
has
Lack of technical expertise knowledge and
increased rapidly and offered
a better
characterization of the within-field crop and soil variability (Rabia et al., 2022).
Not applicable or difficult/costly for small land holdings.
Management of Variability Variable
rate
technologies
integrate
engineering and information to enable such sitespecific
applications.
Examples
technology.
of
precision
Heterogeneity of cropping systems and market imperfections. Conclusion
management include variable rate irrigation (VRI),
The purpose of precision agriculture (PA) is
variable rate nitrogen application, variable rate lime
to ensure profitability, sustainability, and environ-
application, among many others (Rabia et al., 2022).
mental protection. Performances of PA are still
Cycle of precision agriculture. GIS, Geographic
debated, as comprehensive research is lacking. From
information system; VRT, variable rate technology
the existing studies it can be concluded that the
(Abdullahi and Sheriff, 2017).
greatest production advantage of a decade of PA lay in reducing temporal yield variation but did not concern yields. Nevertheless, researchers claimed that reducing yield variation is a positive outcome, as it leads to greater yield stability and resilience to a changing climate. References Abdullahi, H.S. and Sheriff, R.E. (2017). Case study
Precision agriculture aims to increase field level
to investigate the adoption of precision
management in terms of
agriculture in Nigeria using simple analysis
Botany: by comparing farming practices closely
to determine variability on a maize
with the needs of plants (e.g., fertilizer inputs). Environmental
protection:
by
reducing
environmental hazards and farming measures (e.g., limiting nitrogen leakage). Economic: by increasing competition through E-ISSN: 2583-1755
plantation.
Journal
of
Agricultural
Economics and Rural Development, 3(3): 279-292. Ghosh, A., Ghosh, A., Konar, A. and Dutta, P. (2022). Promotion of Agricultural Extension Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
91
through
Technology
Innovation.
The
Agriculture Magazine, 1(9): 135-138. Hakkim, V. A., Joseph, E. A., Gokul, A. A., & Mufeedha, K. (2016). Precision farming: the future of Indian agriculture. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 4(6), 07. Hemathilake, D.M.K.S. and Gunathilake, D.M.C.C. (2022).
High-productive
agricultural
technologies to fulfill future food demands: Hydroponics, precision/smart
aquaponics, agriculture.
In
and Future
Foods, 555- 567. Pierce, F.J. and Nowak, P. (1999). Aspects of precision
agriculture.
Advances
in
Agronomy, 67: 1-85. Rabia, A.H., Neupane, J., Lin, Z., Lewis, K., Cao, G. and Guo, W. (2022). Principles and applications of topography in precision agriculture. Advances in Agronomy, 166: 143
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Acid Soils: Nature and Management Yash Vardhan Singh, Sachin Kumar Gurjar and Anis Dhakar Acid Soils
are exposed.
Soils with pH values below 7 are acid soils.
2. Exchangeable Acidity (reserve / potential):
In the regions of high rainfall, soils are acidic in their
Hydrogen and aluminium ions held on soil
reaction because of the facts that soluble basic salts
colloids referred to as exchangeable or reserve
such as those of Ca, Mg, K, Na, are leached away by
acidity. In very acidic soils, exchangeable
drainage water and insoluble acidic residues
hydrogen and aluminium ions are present in large
composed chiefly of oxides and silicates of iron,
quantities. But the quantity of easily exchangeable
silicon, aluminium are left which accumulate in
hydrogen and aluminium ions are in quite less
pretty high amount. These salts are acidic in reaction;
quantity in moderately acid soils. In this type of
hence the soils are acidic. Besides that, reason, there
acidity higher amount of limestone is required to
may be other causes also which produce acidity in
neutralize the acid soil in comparison to active
the soil.
acidity.
Nature of soil acidity: There are three types of soil
3. Residual Acidity: Residual acidity is that which
acidity according to the presence of ions:
remains in the soil after active and exchangeable
1. Active Acidity: The active acidity is a measure of
acidity has been neutralized. Residual hydrogen
the H+ ion activity in the soil solution at any given
and aluminium atoms that are found in non-
time. H+ ions remain freely present in soil solution
exchangeable forms by organic matter and silicate
and produce limited acidity. However, the
clay. The residual acidity is commonly far greater
+
quantity of H ions owing to active acidity is very
than either active or exchangeable acidity.
small compared to the quantity in the exchange
Limestone requirement is very high (1000 to
and residual acidity forms. Even though the
100,000
concentration of hydrogen ions owing to active
exchangeable acidity) to neutralize the residual
acidity is extremely small, it is important because
acidity in the soil.
times
greater
than
active
this is environment to which plants and microbes Yash Vardhan Singh Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur
Sachin Kumar Gurjar Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur
Anis Dhakar Research Scholar, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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and
93
Similarly, sulphur also produces acid forming
Sources of Soil Acidity Leaching due to heavy rainfall
sulphate ions through oxidation. Divalent cations
Acid soils are common in all regions where
of soluble salts usually have a greater effect on
rainfall or precipitation is high enough to leach
lowering soil pH than monovalent metal cations.
appreciable amounts of exchangeable bases from the
Humus and other organic acids
surface soils and relatively insoluble compounds of Al and Fe remains in soil.
During
organic
matter
decomposition,
humus, organic acids and different acid salts may
The nature of these compounds is acidic and
also be produced and also concentration of CO2
its oxides and hydroxides react with water and
increased. The increased concentration of CO2,
release hydrogen ions in soil solution and make soil
hydrolysis of acid salts and various organic acids
acidic. Besides, when the soluble bases are lost, the
increased the total acidity of soil.
H+ ions of the carbonic acid and other acids
Aluminosilicate minerals
developed in the soil replace the basic cations of the
At low pH values most of the Al is present as the
colloidal complex. As the soil gets gradually depletes
hydrated Aluminium ions, which undergoes
of its exchangeable bases through constant leaching,
hydrolysis and release hydrogen ions in the soil
it gets desaturated and becomes increasingly acid.
solution.
CaCO3 + H2CO3
Ca(HCO3)2
Carbon
dioxide
Soil
containing
high
Calcite (Insoluble) readily soluble and leachable.
concentration of CO2, the pH value of such soil
Acidic parent material
will be low and the soil becomes acidic. Root
Some soils have developed from parent
activity and metabolism may also serve as
materials which are acid such as granite and that may
sources of CO2, which ultimately helps the soil to
contribute to some extent soil acidity.
become acidic.
Acid forming fertilizers and soluble salts
Hydrous oxides
The use of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate increases soil acidity.
These are mainly oxides of iron and aluminium. Under favourable conditions they
Ammonium ions from ammonium sulphate when
undergo stepwise hydrolysis with the release of
applied to the soil replace calcium ions from the
hydrogen ions in the soil solution and develop soil
exchange complex and the calcium sulphate is
acidity.
formed and finally leached out, Besides, basic portion of ammonium sulphate is
Effects of Soil Acidity on Plants Soil acidity influence plant growth by the
+
NH4 and it undergoes biological transformation
production of organic acid which are produces due to
in the soil and form acid forming nitrate ions.
decomposition of organic matter or due to root secre-
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94
tion. Effect of soil acidity may be separated into two
permeability will be adversely affected than also
group.
accumulates in the cortex particularly nuclei and cell
Direct
protoplasm (it is colloidal in nature). If it is
Toxicity effects of H+ ions are observed in root
accumulating than protoplasm colloidal character
tissues. Permeability of the plant membranes for cations is affected. Balance between basic and acidic constituents through roots is disturbed. Enzyme changes occur in plants due to pH changes. Indirect
present and the result of this cell division or cell growth is checked and form binucleate cells. 3. Mn toxicity: Under acidic condition Mn also show behaviour similar to Al and as concentration of solution increases as the pH is decreases. Example: Plant can tolerant upto 1-4 µg per ml of Mn, the plant will be suffered from Mn toxicity. Sometimes typical occur in the field
Availability of some nutrients like phosphorous.
condition no Mn toxicity observed but in a pot
Higher availability of Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu etc.
experiment Mn toxicity occur because of the
Adverse effects on the beneficial activities of
steaming effect appear as a result of which are more
micro-organism.
Mn comes to the soil solution and at therefore plant
Increase of plant diseases.
can suffer from of Mn toxicity. Tolerance of Mn
Nutrients like Ca, K, Mo etc. become deficient.
toxicity varies from crop to crop, paddy can tolerant
Toxic effect of soil acidity
higher concentration of Mn.
1. Cell elongation: Due to the soil acidity reduces
Specific effect of soil acidity: It effects the root
the cell elongation because its adversely effected
tissue resulted in restricted in root growth.
the development of meristematic tissues of root tip
Non-specific effect of soil acidity: Under acidic
in which maximum water and nutrients are
condition the presence of more amount of Fe, Mn etc.
occurred.
on the exchange side.
2. Aluminium toxicity: The toxicity of Al is influence by nature and concentration of accompanying concentration.
Management of acid soils Management of the acid soils should be directed towards enhanced crop productivity either
Example: When muriate of potash (salt of muriatic
through addition of amendments to correct the soil
acid) is used in the acidic soils, Cl- ion of KCl will
abnormalities or by manipulating the agronomic
aggregate the toxic effect of Al.
practices depending upon the climatic and edaphic
Aluminium accumulates on the surface of
conditions.
plant root and affected the root permeability. Root E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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95
Soil amelioration Lime has been recognized as an effective soil
reactions in soil are much faster compared to those of carbonates.
ameliorant as it reduces Al, Fe and Mn toxicity and
CaCO3 + heat
CaO + CO2
increases base saturation, P and Mo availability of
CaMg(CO3)
CaO + MgO + 2CO2
acid soils. Liming also increases atmospheric N
Addition of water to burnt lime makes hydroxide
fixation as well as N mineralization in acid soils
or hydrated lime (slaked lime), which is more
through enhanced microbial activity.
caustic than burnt lime.
Liming materials Source of lime material is an important aspect of acid soil management and the economics of
Lime when applied to acidic soils either in the form of oxide, hydroxide or carbonate reacts with carbon dioxide and water to form bicarbonate.
application of different sources need to be given
CaO + H2O + 2CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
due importance. Commercial limestone and
Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
dolomite limestone are the most widely used
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
amendments.
These liming materials on reaction with soil
Carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium
colloid, replace hydrogen and aluminium ions from
and magnesium are referred to as agricultural
the colloidal phase to soil solution.
lime.
Lime requirement
Among, the naturally occurring lime sources calcitic, dolomitic and stromatolitic limestones are important carbonates. The other liming sources are marl, oyster shells and several industrial wastes like steel mill slag, blast furnace slag, and lime sludge from paper mills, pressmud from sugar mills, cement wastes,
Ca(HCO3)2
Four important factors govern the lime requirement. The required change in pH. The buffer capacity of the soil to be limed. The chemical composition of the liming materials used. The fineness of the liming materials.
precipitated calcium carbonate, etc were found to
A fine textured acid soil requires much larger
be equally effective as ground limestone and are
quantity of lime than does a sandy soil or a loamy
also cheaper.
soil with the same pH value. Calcitic or dolomitic
Considering the efficiency of limestone as 100%,
limestone reacts slowly with soil colloids, whereas
efficiencies of basic slag and dolomite were
burnt lime and hydrated lime react faster and bring
found to be 110 and 94 %, respectively.
about changes in soil pH within a few days. Lime
Burnt lime is the oxide of lime or quick lime. Quick lime is produced in large kilns. Its E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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96
the pH to some prescribed value. Shoemaker et al. (1961) buffer method is used for the determination of lime requirement of an acid soil. Efficiency of liming material Neutralising
value
or
calcium
carbonate
equivalent of liming material. Purity of liming material. Degree of fineness of liming material. Benefits The most conspicuous effect of liming was on the exchangeable acidity, which registered a decrease up to 95 %. A decrease of 70-74% in pH dependent and total acidity was recorded by liming. An average yield improvement of 30 % could be obtained. Crop choice Selection of crops tolerant to acidity is an effective tool to counter this soil problem and breeding of such varieties is of specific importance for attaining higher productivity, particularly in areas where liming is not an economic proposition. The crops can be grouped on the basis of their performance in different soil pH range. Relative tolerance of crops to soil acidity
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Components of Organic Farming Yash Vardhan Singh, Sachin Kumar Gurjar and Anis Dhakar
Abstract Organic farming through sustainable agriculture meets not only the food requirements of present generation in an environment friendly way but also the requirements of future generations and maintains our environment. Modern agriculture involving use of pesticides and fertilizers have caused negative impact on environment by affecting soil fertility, water hardness, development of insect resistance, genetic variation in plants, increase in toxic residue through food chain and animal feed thus increasing health problems and many more serious health concerns and degradation of environment. Organic farming provides macronutrients and micronutrients to the plants and also improves soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil. enhancement, integration of livestock, certification,
Introduction Organic agriculture is developing rapidly and
ecology, marketing and policy support. Organic
today at least 170 countries produces organic food
farming is a holistic production management system
commercially. There were 43.1 million hectares of
which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem
organic agricultural land in India including in
health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and
conversion areas and with 2 million producers. The
soil biological activity. It emphasizes, the use of
world’s organic producers are in Asia (36%), percent
management practices in preference to the use of off
followed by Africa (29%) and Europe (17%). This
-farm inputs, taking into account that regional
chapter attempts to bring together different issues in
conditions require locally adapted systems. This is
the light of recent developments in organic farming.
accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic,
It traces the history of organic farming and reviews
biological, and mechanical methods, as opposed to
the global and Indian scenario with reference to
using synthetic materials, to fulfil any specific
organic farming. The key issues emerging in organic
function within the system.
farming from literature review include yield
Components of Organic Farming
reduction in conversion to organic farm, soil fertility
Important components of organic farming are
Yash Vardhan Singh Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur
Sachin Kumar Gurjar Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur
Anis Dhakar Research Scholar, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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biological nitrogen fixation, crop rotation, residues
the well decomposed combination of dung,
of
urine, farm litter and leftover materials
crops,
biopesticides,
Vermicomposting
has
biogas
emerged
slurry as
a
etc. major
(roughages or fodder).
component in organic farming which is very
ii. Compost: Large quantities of waste material
effective in enhancing soil fertility and growth of
(vegetable refuse, weeds, stubble, bhusa,
crops in a sustainable way. The various components
sugarcane trash, Sewage sludge, animal
of organic farming are:
waste, human and industrial refuse) can be
1. Crop
rotation:
For
practicing sustainable
converted into compost manure by anaerobic
agriculture there should be rotation of crops on the
decomposition. Compost is used in the same
same land over a period of two years or more for
way as FYM and is good for application to
maintaining soil fertility and control of insects,
different type of soils and crops.
weed and diseases. For example, use of legumes in rotation improves soil fertility.
iii. Green Manuring: Green manuring is practice of adding organic matter to the soil
2. Crop Residue: India has great potential of using
by ploughing and adding into the soil
residues of crops and straw of cereals and pulses
undecomposed green plant tissues for
in recycling of nutrients during organic farming.
improving physical structure and fertility of
Crop residues when inoculated with fungal
the soil. The green manure crop (legume
species improve physico-chemical properties of
crop) supplies organic matter and additional
soil and crop yields.
nitrogen. Commonly used green manure
3. Organic manure: The organic manure is
crops are such as Sun hemp (Crotalaria
obtained from biological sources (plant, animal
juncea), Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata),
and human residues). Organic manure helps in
Cowpea, Cluster Bean, Senji (Melilotus
increasing crop growth directly by improving the
parviflor,
uptake of humic substances and indirectly
(Trifolium alexandrium) etc.
promoting
soil
by
sinensis),
Berseem
increasing
b) Concentrated Organic Manure: Oilcakes,
availability of major and minor plant nutrients
blood meal, fishmeal, meat meal and horn and
through soil microorganisms.
hoof meal (Concentrated organic manures) that
a) Bulky organic manure: Bulky organic
are organic in nature made from raw materials
manure includes compost, FYM and green
of animal or plant origin and contain higher
manure having less nutrients in comparison to
percentage of vital plant nutrients such as
concentrated organic manure.
nitrogen, phosphorous and potash, as compared
i. FYM: Farm Yard Manure (FYM) refers to
to bulky organic manures.
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productivity
Vigna
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99
of producing nitrogen as well as antifungal,
4. Waste a) Industrial waste: Industrial by products such as spent wash & coir waste can be used as manure.
antibacterial compounds, siderophores and hormones. ii. Azospirillium: Azospirillium has beneficial
b) Municipal and Sewage waste: It is an important component of organic waste.
effect on oats, barley, maize, sorghum, forage crop and pearl millet. It fixes nitrogen
5. Biofertilizers: Biofertilizers are microorganisms
by colonising root zones.
that have the capability of increasing the fertility
iii. Blue Green Algae: Blue-green algae reduce
of soil for example by fixing atmospheric nitrogen
soil alkalinity and it is good for rice
and through mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate
cultivation and bio-reclamation of land.
solubilisers. These are eco-friendly and sustain-
iv. Azolla: Small floating fern, Azolla harbours
able way of achieving soil fertility. Biofertilizers
blue-green algae, anabaena, commonly seen
have biological nitrogen fixing organism which
in shallow fresh water bodies and in low
help them in establishment and growth of crop
land fields. They fix nitrogen in association.
plants and trees, enhance biomass production and
v. Mycorrhizae: Mycorrhizae is symbiotic
grain yields. Types of Biofertilizers: There are
association of fungi with roots of Vascular
two types of bio-fertilizers.
plants. This helps in increasing phosphorous
a) Symbiotic Nitrogen-fixation
uptake and improve the growth of plants.
i. Rhizobium: Rhizobium Bacteria fixes
6. Bio-pesticide: Biopesticides are of plant origin
atmospheric nitrogen in roots of leguminous
and include plant products like alkaloids,
plants, form tumours like growth known as
phenolics,
root nodules. It is widely used biofertilizer
chemicals. They are biologically active against
which can fix around 100-300 kg N ha-1 in
insects,
one crop season.
behaviour and physiology. Commonly known
b) Asymbiotic N-fixation: Blue Green Algae, Azolla,
Azotobacter,
Mycorrhizae
and
Azospirillium grow on decomposing soil
terpenoids
fungi,
and some
nematodes
secondary
affecting
their
insecticides are Pyrethrum, Nicotine, Neem, Margosa, Rotenone etc. 7. Vermicompost:
Vermicompost
is
organic
organic matter and fixes atmospheric nitrogen
manure or compost produced by the use of
in suitable soil medium.
earthworms that generally live in soil, eat organic
i. Azotobacter: Azotobactor has beneficial
matter and excrete it in digested form. These are
effect on vegetables, millets, cereals,
rich in macro and micronutrients, vitamins,
sugarcane and cotton. Organism is capable
growth hormones and immobilized microflora
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100
essential for plant growth.
why inorganic farming is shifting its way towards
Benefits of organic farming
organic farming. India with diverse agro climatic
The benefits provided by organic farming are:
conditions has great potential for organic farming
It maintains health of environment by reducing
and many products are produced organically in India.
pollution. It helps in increasing agricultural production in a sustainable way.
High price for organic products and lack of proper marketing functions within domestic markets are the major constraints in organic farming in India.
It helps in improving the soil health. Agriculture products obtained from organic farming are better in quality (Bigger in size, flavor, size & aroma). Water holding capacity of the soil is increased through organic farming. It improves the availability of nutrients required and essential for plants. (Macro nutrients & Micro- nutrients). Organic farm products are usually of better size, flavor, aroma (Quality). Underground water of the area under organic farming is free of toxic chemicals. Vermicomposting brings down waste bulk density. Vermicomposting has hormone like substance auxins which increases plant growth. Maintains C:N ratio in the soil and increases the fertility and productivity of the soil. Conclusions Organic farming is the system of farming that promotes environmentally, socially and economically sound products of food and fibres. As the awareness about the harmful effect of chemicals on health, soil, environment etc., is increasing; that’s E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Natural Farming: The Vision Kriti Sharma and Ritu Sharma
Abstract Healthy soil is the foundation upon which sustainable agriculture is built. Farming practices differ mainly based on soil inputs and crop protection measures. In conventional chemical farming practice, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides destroy the beneficial soil micro flora change the soil nature and also contribute to the high crop production cost. Heavy metals from the polluted soil may enter the food chain in significant amounts and show adverse health effects. The essence of natural farming is to minimize the external inputs to the farm land, and nurture the soil fertility. It was shown that enrichment of soil occurs through propagation of beneficial soil microbes. It encourages the natural symbiosis of soil micro flora and crop plants. Mulching can maximize the moisture content in the soil, forms the cover for the earthworms and minimizes the weed propagation. This article reviews the concepts of natural farming in the context of its eco-friendly nature and sustainability. phytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on
Introduction Conventional Chemical farming is facing
plants, animals and humans. Intensive use of
either reduced production or increased costs, or both.
inorganic chemical fertilizers and pesticides resulted
Farming monocultures, such as Rice, wheat and
in the contamination of soil, surface and ground
Cotton etc., repeated on the same land results in the
water with harmful chemicals and accumulation of
depletion of topsoil, soil vitality, groundwater purity
heavy metals. Uptake of heavy metals like Cd, Cu,
and beneficial microbes. It is finally making the crop
Mn and Zn by plants is proportionate to the
plants vulnerable to parasites and pathogens.
increasing level of soil contamination. People who
Environmental pollution by chemical fertilizers and
consume these plant products are at risk of adverse
pesticides is posing a serious threat worldwide. Their
health effects. Cadmium and lead are the elements of
continuous usage may destroy the beneficial soil
major concern due to their accumulation potential
micro flora. Nitrosamines the transformed products
and toxic effects in the plants and animals. Crops
of nitrogen fertilizers are dangerous ecological
such as spinach, lettuce, carrot, radish, and zucchini
poisons. Nitrosamines isolated from the soil exerted
can accumulate heavy metals in their tissues.
Kriti Sharma Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Ritu Sharma Research Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, C.P. College of Agriculture, SDAU, Banaskantha, Gujarat
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The rhizosphere contains diverse microbes with
away. When we follow nature without destruction,
beneficial effects on crop productivity. The plant
nature takes care of us. Zero-Budget Natural Farming
growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mycorrhiza
(ZBNF) is proposed by Subash Palekar, in India,
and cyanobacteria promote plant growth and also
with the same philosophy but with the indigenous
protect them against pathogens.
supplements. In ZBNF, soil is supplemented with the
Natural Farming
microbial
Philosophy
Jeevamruth to accelerate the propagation of soil
inoculums
like
Beejamruth
and
Natural farming philosophy is working with
micro flora, beneficial to soil enrichment. Indigenous
nature to produce healthy food, to keep ourselves
pesticide decoctions of leaves with cow urine
healthy, and to keep the land healthy. Everything in
Neemastram and Bramhastram etc., are introduced.
Nature is useful and serves a purpose in the web of
The philosophy of the natural farming is to nurture
life. Also termed ‘Do Nothing Farming’, because the
the growth of these beneficial microorganisms
farmer is considered only to be a facilitator - the real
without using external manure and chemical
work is done by Nature herself. No-tillage and
pesticides.
farming without the application of herbicides,
Practice
inorganic fertilizers and pesticides is practiced. Here,
No-Tillage: Annual tillage chemical fertilization and
actual physical work and labour has been seen to
pesticide use consistently affect populations of
reduce by up to 80% compared to other farming
earthworms. When tillage is avoided, soil moisture
systems. Natural farming differs from Organic
content is increased, augment the propagation of
farming by not using any organic manure like FYM
earthworms. Earthworms are known to make the soil
and vermi-compost. In Japan, f*ckuoka started
porous and enrich the soil with their castings. Seeds
Natural farming by experimenting with the Nature
are scattered and covered by straw before harvesting
and following the natural ways of crop propagation.
the previous crop. Seeds are germinated by the
He achieved yields similar to those of chemical
arrival of next favourable season. In ZBNF, this
farming but without soil erosion. The essence of
practice is not given prominence.
natural farming is minimizing the external inputs to
Mulching: Grain crops, healthy orchard trees are
the farm land, which degenerate the soil nature. At
grown with a ground cover of vegetables, weeds and
first, because there was no habitat for many of the
white clover. Mulching with straw improves soil
insects, he had to make natural insecticide like
moisture content and conducive to the growth of
pyrethrum which comes from chrysanthemum roots,
microorganisms and earthworms. It also improves
and he had to spray that on his vegetables in order to
seed germination without tillage. Growth of the
keep pests like cabbage worm and cabbage moths
covering plants like white clover holds back weeds
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effectively. Growth of covering crops like legumes
which improve the fertility status of the soil and
increases the nitrogen fixation in the soil Zaheer shah
contribute to plant growth. They may also show
et al., Harvesting weed before flowering and
antagonism (biological control) to pathogens. Soil is
covering the open land reduces the area for the crop
saturated with all the nutrients, but these are in the
weed and improves the organic matter content in the
non-available form to the roots of the plants.
soil. With this practice usage of herbicides can be
Beneficial micro-organisms in Jeewamrith convert
avoided.
the nutrients in non-available form into dissolved
Beejamruth: Application of Beejamruth is followed
form, when it is inoculated to the soil. Jeewamruth is
in ZBNF. It is a seed treatment mixture prepared
either sprayed/sprinkled on the crop field or added to
from cow dung, cow urine, lime and a handful of soil.
the irrigation tank in regular interval of 15 days until
Naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms are
the soil is enriched.
found in cow dung. These microorganisms are
Composition of jeevamruth
cultured in the form of Beejamruth and applied to the
Water 200 litre, cow dung 10 kg., cow urine
seeds as inoculum. It is reported that seed treatment
5-10 liter, Jaggary 1-2 kg, flour of the pulses 1 kg, a
with beejamruth protects the crop from harmful soil-
handful of soil (Palekar undated). This mixture is
borne pathogens and also helpful in producing IAA
well stirred for few days and sprayed on crop for
and GA.
every fortnight. It is shown that this mixture
Jeevamruth: Soil microorganisms play an active
facilitates the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
role in soil fertility as they involve in the cycle of
Application of Jeevamruth facilitated the growth of
nutrients like carbon and nitrogen, which are
beneficial soil microorganisms and improved crop
required for plant growth. They are responsible for
yield.
the decomposition of the organic matter entering the
Conclusion
soil and therefore in the recycling of nutrients in soil.
Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and
PGPR, cyanobacteria and mycorrhiza constitute soil
pesticides posed a threat to the soil and environment.
microorganisms. They participate in decomposition,
Many investigations have shown their adverse
mineralization and nutrient supply to the plants.
effects of change in soil nature, soil contamination,
Phosphate
and
ground water pollution and decrease in soil micro
mycorrhizal fungi can also increase the availability
flora etc. Studies have shown that natural farming,
of mineral nutrients (phosphorus) to plants.
with the minimum external inputs and by application
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can transform nitrogen in
of supplements like Jeevamruth, improves the soil
the atmosphere into soluble nitrogenous compounds
fertility by increasing the soil micro flora and
useful for plant growth. These microorganisms,
available nutrients. This method encourages multi
Solubilizing
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Bacteria
(PSB)
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cropping and biodiversity of micro and macro flora. Labor and production costs are minimized. Hence it can be seen by many as eco-friendly and sustainable. But these studies are in preliminary stage, several investigations need to be conducted to validate the benefits in all crops, efficacy of indigenous pesticides like Neemastram, Brahmastram etc., and the time needed for the enrichment of the polluted soil.
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Soil Conditioners: An Introduction Kriti Sharma and Ritu Sharma Soil conditioners can be used to rebuild soils
Soil conditioners/Amendments A soil conditioner, also called a soil
which have been damaged by improper
amendment, is a material added to soil to improve
management, to make poor soils more usable,
plant growth and health. The type of conditioner
and to maintain soils in peak condition.
added depends on the current soil composition,
A wide variety of products can be used to
climate and the type of plant. A conditioner or a
manage soil quality, with most being readily
combination of conditioners corrects the soil's
available from nurseries and garden supply
deficiencies. Fertilizers, such as peat, manure,
stores. People can also generate their own soil
anaerobic digestate or compost, add depleted plant
conditioner with materials from home.
nutrients. Gypsum releases nutrients and improves
Many soil conditioners are designed to improve
soil structure.
soil structure in some way. Soils tend to become compacted over time,
Characteristics of soil conditioners Soil conditioners are natural and earthy.
which is bad for plants, and soil conditioners
Absorb water rapidly.
can add more loft and texture to keep the soil
Compost is “Synthetic manure made from
loose.
decomposing materials, fertilizer and soil”.
They also add nutrients, enriching the soil and
Leaves and manures are also natural products.
allowing plants to grow bigger and stronger. Soil conditioners improve the water retention
Function of soil conditioners They help to improve the amount of minerals
in dry, coarse soils which are not holding water
in the soil. Soil that is rich in minerals will produce
well, and they can be added to adjust the PH of
much healthier vegetation. Leaves work by attracting
the soil to meet the needs of specific plants or
earthworms which create a healthy soil. Improved
to make highly acidic or alkaline soils more
Soil physically, chemically and biologically.
usable. Soil physical conditions and soil conditioners
Importance of soil conditioners
Soil physical condition is one factor that can
Soil conditioner is a product which is added to soil to improve the soil quality.
limit crop production. Poor soil physical condition Kriti Sharma
Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Ritu Sharma Research Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, C.P. College of Agriculture, SDAU, Banaskantha, Gujarat
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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can restrict water intake into the soil and subsequent
Peat
movement, plant root development, and aeration of
Crop Resides
the soil. These goals can be accomplished in part
Coconut shell mulch
through the use of good management techniques.
Organic Soil Conditioners
Producers and researchers alike are interested in
Soil organic matter serves as a reservoir for
improving the physical condition of the soil and,
nutrients; Improves soil structure, Drainage,
thus, enhance crop production.
Aeration, Cation exchange capacity,
Vital role of soil conditioners
Buffering capacity, and water-holding capacity;
Improved soil structure and aeration.
and
Increased water-holding capacity.
microorganisms.
Increased availability of water to plants. Reduced compaction and hardpan conditions. Improved tile drainage effectiveness.
provides
a
source
of
food
for
Generally, soils having higher in organic matter have improved soil physical conditions. The effectiveness of organic soil conditioners
Alkali soil reclamation.
can be partly evaluated by examining several
Release of “locked” nutrients.
properties of soil organic matter.
Better chemical incorporation.
Soil organic matter is defined as the organic
Better root development.
fraction of the soil and includes plant and animal
Higher yields and quality.
residues at various stages of decomposition,
Role of soil conditioners/Amendments under INM Soil conditioners may be used to improve
cells and tissues of organisms, and compounds synthesized by the soil organism population.
water retention in dry, coarse soils which are not
Soil organic matter contains a wide array of
holding water well, and they can be added to adjust
compounds ranging from fats, carbohydrates,
the pH of the soil to meet the needs of specific plants
and proteins to high molecular weight humic
or to make highly acidic or alkaline soils more
and fulvic acids.
usable. Examples of soil conditioners: Peat, Compost, Coir, Manure, Straw and Vermiculite etc. Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments
Green manure GM is a crop that is grown mainly to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil, this kind
a) Organic soil conditioners
of crop is used in rotation with other crops,
b) Inorganic (Synthetic) soil conditioners
which is ploughed under to serve the same
Types of Organic soil conditioners Green Manure Compost E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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107
nt in shallow rooted crops.
Addition of Nitrogen
Leguminous crops are especially favored as
The green manuring crop supplies additional
green manures because they add nitrogen to the
nitrogen to organic matter, if it is a legume crop,
soil. Crotalaria juncea.
which has the ability to fix nitrogen from the air
Green manuring Crops Example: Sesbania aculeata, Cow pea, Sesbania rostrata, Cluster bean The green manure crop should possess the following desirable characteristics Have profuse leaves and rapid growth early in its life cycle. Have abundance and succulent tops. Be capable of making a good stand on poor and exhausted soils.
with the help of its root nodule bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium). The legume crop adds nitrogen for the succeeding crop. So, all the legumes crop leaves the soil in better physical condition and richer in nitrogen content. They return the plant nutrients of deeper layers to the upper top soil, green manuring crops act as cover crop.
Have a deep root system.
Nutrient and Soil Conservation.
Be legume with good nodular growth habit
Green manuring crops act as cover crop.
Supply Organic Matter
They protect the soil from erosion and nutrient
Green manure supplies organic matter to the soil. The organic residues from green manure also help to provide the stability of soil structure needed for optimum plant growth. Humus formed from green manure increases the
loss by taking up soluble nutrients which might otherwise have been lost in drainage water or due to erosion. Green
manuring
crops
make
available
phosphorous and other nutrients for the succeeding crops.
absorptive capacity of soil, promotes aeration,
Green manure has a marked residual effect also.
drainage and granulation, which help the plant
Increases the biochemical activity.
growth.
Green manuring increases crop yield
Green manuring improves the structure of the
Green manure increases the organic matter and
soil. Organic matter stimulates the activity of
nitrogen content (In case of leguminous green
soil micro-organisms.
manuring crop) of the soil.
The ability to bind contaminants is exhibited
It is proved that if green manuring is done
when using organic soil mulches in construction
properly, it always results in increased yields of
of filter germs.
the succeeding crops.
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108 Ideally, cultivate the soil amendment into the
Compost Composting is coming naturally to plant
top six to eight inches of the soil.
materials. They return to the earth to supply nutrients
On compacted/clayey soils, anything less can
for the next cycle of seeds. Kitchen scraps can be
lead to a shallow rooting system with reduced
recycled and yard waste composting them. Instead of
plant growth, lower vigor, and lower stress
throwing out produce scraps, egg shells and coffee
tolerance.
grounds, can be compost of along with the leaves
Compost, which includes manure or biosolids as
raked up and the dead plants cleared out of the
a component, has a potential for high salts. Excessive salt levels are common in many
garden.
commercially
Importance of composting Improve the soil quality to reap their benefits and vitality by releasing the rich nutrients in the
available
products
sold
in
Colorado. Compost needs to be thoroughly mixed into the upper six to eight inches of the soil profile.
compost into the soil. by
Do not leave compost in chunks, as this will
encouraging the aerobic breakdown of organic
interfere with root growth and soil water
material and reduces the amount of garden and
movement.
Prevent
greenhouse
gas
emissions
kitchen waste going to landfill. Recycle valuable nutrients and reduce the use of artificial fertilizers. Home compost
As the soil organic content builds in a garden soil, the application rate should be reduced to prevent ground water contamination issues. A soil test is suggested every four to six years to
Composting is the controlled decomposition
establish a base line on soil organic matter
of organic material such as leaves, twigs, grass
content. If using a green manure cover crop, till
clippings, and vegetable food waste. Compost is the
the cover crop in before it reaches four inches in
soil amendment product that results from proper
height.
composting. Composting helps to keep the high volume of organic material out of landfills and turns it into a useful product. Application General application rates for compost or other
In the vegetable garden do not plow in woody materials such as bark or woodchips. They may interfere with seedbed preparation and may result in soil nitrogen depletion. Benefits of composting
organic soil amendments are based on the salt
Compost that are stable in nature, possessing
content of the materials and soil and on the
significant amounts of humic acids, have the ability
depth to which it is cultivated into the soil.
to bind nutrients and heavy metals, as moisture pass-
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es through the product layer. Organisms found within compost have the ability to degrade organic
It affords root growth and air and water movement.
contaminants such as hydrocarbons found in
Converts Salty Soils.
petroleum-based materials.
An economical method to resolve salty soils.
Types of Inorganic soil conditioners
Ties Organic Matter to Clay. The importance of organic matter is magnified
1. Synthetic Binding Agents
when it is dispensed with gypsum.
2. Mineral Conditioners
Soil crusting is impossible and then helps seed
3. Gypsum
emersion.
Synthetic Binding Agents New polymers applied at much lower rates
No crust formation allows more and faster seed
have been promoted as soil conditioners. These
emergence and a couple days earlier to harvest
polymers include Natural polysaccharides, Anionic,
and market.
Cationic
polymers,
polyacrylamides.
The
Betters low dissolved matter Irrigation Water
compounds are very high molecular weight, long-
Develops water use efficiency.
chain polymeric, organic compounds, which bind
Gypsum helps the efficiency use of water for
particles together and form stable aggregates.
exceedingly important.
Mineral Conditioners Gypsum has long been recognized for its benefits on high sodium-containing soils. Gypsum is a
mineral
with
the
the crops. In periods of drought, this is
chemical
composition
CaSO4.2H2O. It occurs in nature as soft crystalline rock and varies in purity. Gypsum is not recommended on soils containing native gypsum or areas irrigated with water containing abundant amounts of calcium and magnesium. The amount of gypsum to apply depends on the purity of the gypsum
Helps moist soils to be tilled easier. Less energy is required for the tillage. Quantity of gypsum applied in mineral soil conditioners 10 tons acre-1. Gypsum applied at less than 500 pounds acre-1. Limestone, crushed rock, and other products high in calcium and/or magnesium which improve the physical condition of some soils, when applied at several tons acre-1.
and the quantity of sodium present in the soil. Actual rates should be based on a salt-alkali soil test. Gypsum Lowers bulk compactness of soil. Prevents water run-off and eroding. Betters Soil Composition. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Essentiality of Millets for Our Upcoming Generations Krishna Kumar Patel, Ajay Kumar Baheliya, Gaurav Singh and Veerendra Singh Little Millet, Foxtail Millet, Barnyard Millet, Proso
Introduction Recently, millets have gained attention and efforts are underway to obtain their convenient and
Millet, Kodo Millet, and Brown top Millet. Health benefits of Millets
value-added processed products. It has now been
Millets are rich sources of minerals like
proposed to enlarge the food basket and include
calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, and
millets like Jowar, Bajra, Ragi etc. in the Public
potassium. Millets are gluten free grains hence, used
Distribution System.
for celiac disease patients. It also contains
Government has recognized the role of
appreciable amounts of dietary fiber and vitamins
millets in the food chain. Under the National Food
such as folic acid, vitamin B6, β- Carotene, and
Security Mission - NFSM of the preliminary targets
niacin. The availability of high amounts of lecithin is
for enhancing food grain production by an additional
useful for strengthening the nervous system. Kodo
25 Million Tones, the share allocated for millets is 2
Millet contains high dietary fiber that is 3 times more
Million Tones i.e. 8% of the enhanced food grain
than wheat and maize and 10 times more than rice
production.
therefore, regular consumption of millets can help to
Importance of Millets in India
overcome malnutrition. It is also rich in Zinc and
Millets are the group of small-seeded annual
Folic acid and is recommended for pregnant women.
grasses that are grown as grain crops primarily on
Pearl Millet contains 2 times more protein than milk.
marginal land in dry areas and belong to the Poaceae
Importance of Millets in the Indian Agriculture
family. Millets are the ancient food grains first
Sector
domesticated for food and grown in 131 countries. Millets are the traditional food for 59 crore people in Asia and Africa. The major millets are Sorghum, Pearl Millet and Finger Millet covering 95% of the total millet growing area in India and the rest 5% are
Apart from health benefits, millets are resilient to climate change as they are adapted to a wide range of temperatures, and moisture regimes, and demand less input to grow. They are hardy crops that have low carbon & water, the root system of
Krishan Kumar Patel and Veerendra Singh Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur
Ajay Kumar Baheliya Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya
Gaurav Singh Department of Plant Pathology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut
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foxtail millet is reduced and enhance in response to
thermally sensitive crop and Paddy is a major
low nitrogen and phosphate levels in the soil. It can
contributor to climate change through methane
sustain drought and even 350-400 mm of rainfall is
emission.
sufficient for millets. Advantages of Millet production Millets have often been called the coarse
Millets are dual-purpose crops. It is cultivated both as food & fodder, thus providing food/livelihood
security
to
millions
of
grains, however, because of their nutritional
households and contributing to the economic
contributions they are now being referred to as
efficiency of farming.
‘nutria-millets or nutria-cereals’. Given below are some of the advantages of Production of Millets in
Economic Importance of Millets India is the highest producer of millets in the
India.
globe and the 5th largest exporter of millets. Millets
Millets are termed as the ‘miracle grains’ or
are addressing the need for fuel and feeds. It has the
‘crops of the future’ as they can not only grow
potential to produce biofuel. Millet Market size was
under harsh circ*mstances but are drought-
over USD 9 billion in 2018 and will witness more
resistant crops that require fewer external inputs.
than 4.5% CAGR during the forecast timespan
Millets are remarkable in their nutritive value be
(2018-2025) and the value projected is more than
it vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber or other
USD 12 billion.
nutrients. It is nearly 3 to 5 times nutritionally
Conclusion
superior to wheat and rice. Sorghum is an
Millets are easily accessible and inexpensive.
important source of polyphenols, antioxidants,
This is primarily due to a lack of awareness and
and cholesterol-lowering waxes.
information among the general public about the
Millets help in curbing obesity, lowers the risk of
various types of food available, particularly little
hypertension, CVDs, T2DM, cancers as well as
millets. The majority of developing countries grow
helps in preventing constipation due to their high
millets to suit their food and nutrition needs, whereas
dietary fiber content coupled with low glycemic
affluent countries feed animals with them. Minerals,
index.
vitamins, protein, carbs, and amino acids all
Production of millets does not depend on the use
abundant in these foods. When compared to cereals,
of chemical fertilizers. The millet crops do not
they play a vital role in sustainability because they
attract pests and are not affected by storage.
consume less water. They can be cultivated with less
Millets contribute to mitigating climate change
pesticide and fertilizer in locations where main crops
as it helps reduce the atmospheric carbon
are not grown. Millets are a rich source of dietary
pressure CO2. On the contrary, Wheat being a
fiber, protein, and minerals that can be added to peo-
E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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112 ple’s daily diets as they have wide health benefits such
as
preventing
diabetes,
cardio-vascular
diseases, obesity, gastro-intestinal problems, and cancer, among other things, as the population grows and they consume fast foods and eat an unbalanced diet. They contain anti-oxidants and provide energy throughout the day by digesting slowly. Therefore, to ensure food and nutrition security for our country, it is important to increase the production of these crops and simultaneously revert the control of production, distribution and consumption back to the people References Hasemi, J., Devi, S, T., Palai, J, B., Role of Minor millets in malnutrition elevation in India. Lokesh, K., Dudhagara, C, R., Mahera, A, B., Kumar, S., Patel, HD., Millets: The Future of smart food.
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Biotechnology and Disease Management, Development of Disease Resistance Plants using Genetic Engineering Approaches Pinki Sharma, Sushila Yadav, Kavita Kasotia and Kiran Kumawat New plants to which genes have been
Introduction Biotechnology
the
incorporated through genetic engineering are
manipulation, genetic modification and multi-
likely to show instability towards environ-
plication of living organisms through novel
mental conditions and towards the pathogenic
technologies,
microflora of their habitats.
such
is
as
defined
tissue
as
culture,
DNA
technology and genetic engineering, resulting in the
The main vehicle for transferring genes from
production of improved or new organisms and
donor to recipient, plant pathogens, particularly
products that can be used in a variety of ways.
the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and
Traditional plant breeding methods have used
the cauliflower mosaic virus.
develop cultivars resistant various diseases. But this
Control of plant diseases by inserting resistance
process is time consuming and limited availability
genes into plants by genetic engineering
genetic resources most the crops are available and
techniques.
has left little room continued improvement by this
The study of plants genes for resistance to
means. Development crop varieties which are
disease and of pathogen genes for virulence to
resistant against many economically important
pathogen has already added considerably by
diseases
genetic engineering techniques
is
major
challenge
for
plant
biotechnologists, worldwide. Plant diseases are a threat world agriculture and general food security. Significant yield losses due to the attack of pathogen occur in most the agricultural and horticultural crop species.
Need of biotechnology It takes too many years to breed crop with desirable traits. Pathogen is elastic, so can overcome the resistance.
Plant biotechnology helps plant pathology in
Safer than chemicals like methyl bromide.
many ways
Pathogens may become resistant to pesticides.
To obtain pathogen free mother plants through rapid clonal propagation.
Through conventional breeding methods, we can’t bridge the gap between distant relatives.
Pinki Sharma, Sushila Yadav and Kiran Kumawat Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur
Kavita Kasotia Department of Plant Pathology, SKN College of Agriculture, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur
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Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
114 Rapid methods. Identification
formed with the gene that codes for chitinase of
pathogens
and
their
management. Identification of resistance genes.
exhibit enhanced resistance to disease by fungi that contain chitin in their cell walls. Cheim et al. (1990): Obtained transgenic
Current Uses of Biotechnology
tobacco plants that expressed increased disease
Agriculture
resistance by transforming them with the gene
Transgenic Plants [disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, plant-based products such as vaccines]. Diagnosis of plant diseases. Transgenic Animals. Transgenic Microbes. Others Mining: Petroleum spill clean-up with microbes. Foundations of modern biotechnology The term biotechnology was used for the first time by Karl Erkey, a Hungarian Engineer, in 1919. Albersheim et al. (1984): Identified the
for stilbene synthetase, the enzyme that synthesizes a phytoalexin. De Wit: Isolated first fungal avirulence gene (avr9) from Cladosporium fulvum. S. P. Briggs and J. D. Walton: Isolated first plant resistance gene (Hm-1) corn. They showed that Hm-1 operates by producing a protein that detoxifies the host-selective toxin of the pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum. Tissue culture Cells of plants can be cultured in special nutrient medium and whole plants can
molecule in the cell wall of the oomycete
be regenerated from cultured cells. This technique of
Phytophthora megasperma that acts as the
growing plants in vitro is called “Tissue culture”.
elicitor of the defense response in its soybean
Meristem or Shoot tip culture
host. B. J. Staskawicz et al.: Discovered the first
Meristem and shoot tip culture are used to eliminate virus from infected germplasm.
avirulence gene was isolated from the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Beachy et al. (1986): The first practical results of molecular plant pathology in improving disease resistance when they obtained tobacco plants resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by transforming. Broglie et al. (1991): Showed that plants transE-ISSN: 2583-1755
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concentration of viruses than non-meristem cells. Genetic Engineering/ Genetic Manipulation: Is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome
RNAi Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer Natural soil borne bacterium- Crown gall disease in plants.
using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used
It is an efficient vector of DNA because it has
to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the
the ability to transmit a fragment of its large
transfer of genes within & across species boundaries
plasmid into the nuclear genome of an infected
to produce improved (or) novel organisms.
cell.
Gene transfer technology: It is defined as technique
The
fragment
called
T-DNA,
transfer
to efficiently and stably introduce foreign gene into
contained genes- Oncogenes, that induce
genome of the target cells.
tumours in the plant tissues.
Plant Diseases management through genetic engineering The basic requirements of transformation
The transgenic Agrobacterium is the used to transfer the delta endotoxin protein into the plant cell chromosomes. Plant cell is cultured and grown into a whole
are: A target genome. A vector to carry the gene. Modification of the foreign DNA to increase the level of gene expression. Method to deliver the plasmid DNA into the cell. Methodology to identify the transformed cell.
plant whose ells contains the toxic protein. These transgenic resistant plants then produce seed expressing the insect resistant trait, which can be commercialized. This procedure has been used to transfer Bt delta endotoxin gene to many plants including (Cotton, tobacco, tomato and potato).
Tissue culture to recover the viable plants from the transformed cells. Genetic engineering techniques applied to plant diseases management (A) Vector mediated gene transfer Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer (B) Direct (or) vector less DNA transfer Gene gun Electroporation Microinjection E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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116
bombardment” method. DNA is bound to tiny particles of gold or tungsten which are shot into plant tissue. The particles penetrate both the cell wall and membranes. DNA separates from the metal and is integrated into the plant genome inside the nucleus. Successfully for monocots: Wheat, maize Disadvantage: serious damage to the cellular tissue
Microinjection DNA of interest is taken in microinjection and then delivered inside the cell. Micromanipulator Successful- Tobacco & Alfalfa Maximum of 40-50 protoplasts can be microinjected in one hrm.
Electroporation Short pulse of high voltage are applied to protoplasts which make temporary pores in the plasma membrane to increase their permeability and facilitate the uptake of foreign gene Using electroporation method, successful transfer of genes were achieved with the protoplasts of tobacco, petunia, maize, rice, wheat and sorghum etc.
RNAi RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA, through translational or transcriptional repression. RNAi is now known as precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense therapy for gene suppression.
Advantage: it is effective method and small amount of DNA require. Disadvantage: non specific transport.
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Crop Species Squash
Developer
Target Pathogen
Gene Expressed
References
Coat proteins
Tricoli et al., 1995
Coat proteins
Tricoli et al., 1995
Replicae and helicase
Potato
Monsanto
1998 USDA
Watermelon mosaic virus 2 and zucchini yellow mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic virus,watermelon mosaic virus 2,and zucchini yellow mosaic virus Potato leafroll virus
Sweet Pepper Papaya
Beijing University China Agricultural University USDA
1998 MOA
Cucumber mosaic virus
Coat protein
Thomas et al., 1997, Kaniewski and Thomas, 2004 Zhu et al., 1996
2006 MOA
Papaya ring spot virus
Replicase
Ye and Li, 2010
2007 USDA
Plum pox virus
Coat protein
2009 USDA
Papaya ring spot virus
Coat protein
1999 USDA
Potato virus Y
Coat protein
Scorza et al., 1994, Ilardi and Tavazza, 2015 Davis and Ying., 2004 Newell et al., 1991, Kaniewski and Thomas, 2004
Squash
Plum
Papaya Potato
Seminis and Monsanto Seminis and Monsanto
Intial Approval 1994USDA
University Florida Monsanto
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1996USDA
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Recurrent Selection: An Overview Kavita, Naresh and Lalit Kumar es as their distributions showed a normal density
Introduction The primary objectives of any recurrent
distribution and whose effects are influenced by the
selection approach are: (a) to improve breeding
environment in which they are measured. These
populations by increasing the frequencies of
types of traits have a complex inheritance that
favourable genes and gene combinations in a cyclic
involves interactions of alleles (an allele is one of a
manner and (b) to conserve sufficient genetic
pair or series of forms of a gene at a specific locus on
variability for subsequent selection and improvement
a chromosome) among (epistasis) and within
by intermating an enough number of superior
(dominance) loci, linkage of genes, and the
genotypes each cycle of selection. These improved
interactions of the genetic effects with the
populations
be
environmental effects i.e., quantitatively inherited
agronomically better than unimproved kinds, should
traits. Hence, it became clear that different breeding
be a valuable source of germplasm for direct release
approach were required for such traits and recurrent
to farmers, to derive superior OPVs, or for the
selection is utilised to improve these quantitatively
synthesis of better inbred lines to develop new
inherited traits (Sprague and Eberhart, 1977).
hybrids for crop production. Recurrent selection was
Recurrent selection involves cyclical breeding
initially devised as a method of breeding in cross
methods which are conducted in a repetitive manner
pollinated species. Now it is also utilised in self-
to steadily increase or decreases the frequency of
pollinated crop species. Though, it is more frequently
alleles of quantitatively inherited traits by selecting
used in cross pollinated species than self-pollinated
within a plant population.
ultimately
have
expected
to
species.
The recurrent selection relies on certain basic
Selection for favourable genes can be very
principles which are similar to those employed for
effective when a trait is governed by a few genes that
other selection procedures except that they are
are not affected by the environment. However, most
carried out more systematically. Hayes and Garber
of the traits of economic significance (e.g., yield and
proposed concept of recurrent selection in 1919 for
grain quality) are governed by large number of
increasing protein content in maize cultivars.
genes, each having a small effect on the trait
Recurrent selection was described in detail by East
expression, could not be categorised in discrete class-
and Jones and Jenkins (1940), also to improve maize
Kavita, Naresh and Lalit Kumar Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar
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cultivars and term was first coined by Hull in 1945.
of infection for some disease artificial means of
Procedures of recurrent Selection: The procedure
inoculation are used). For traits that have a lower
generally involves following steps:
heritability such as grain yield, more elaborate
1. Developing Progenies: All recurrent selection
testing may be required to distinguish between
systems with exception of mass selection,
progenies. The fewer replications of data are
consisted of three stages conducted in a repetitive
required to evaluate the relative breeding values
way until the objectives of selection are
of the progenies when screening to distinguish
accomplished. Mass selection mainly relies on
progenies is more accurate. Data from the
selection among distinct plants that are not
replicated trials also give estimates of the factors
replicated. The mechanics of mass selection will
required to describe the populations under
differ among plant species, traits being selected,
selection.
extent of parental control and degree of
3. Recombination: Recombination of the selected
recombination during each cycle of selection. All
progenies is the final stage of each cycle of
other approaches of recurrent selection begin in a
selection.
population by producing progenies for evaluation.
depending on the investigator, the crop species,
The kinds of progenies produced will depend on
the traits being selected, and the facilities
the traits being selected, effectiveness of selection
available. In comparison to the first two phases,
and the plant species. Progenies can be established
relatively little formal information is available to
by crossing plants to a common tester (half-sibs),
determine the most effective approach of
by crossing individual plants (full-sibs) and
recombination.
selfing (S, or S2).
recombination is to constitute a genetically
2. Evaluation: After the progenies have been
Recombination
The
techniques
primary
differ
objective
of
variable population for continuous selection.
established, replicated trials are carried out to distinguish individuals based on their relative breeding values of the trait(s) under selection. The extent of the trials will vary depending on the heritability of the trait being selected, the supply of seeds and resources to conduct the trials. For
replications would be needed, especially if
Three phases of recurrent selection conducted in a cyclical manner Types of Recurrent Selection
techniques have been developed to reduce errors
1. Simple Recurrent Selection: Simple recurrent
traits that have a relatively high heritability, fewer
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120
not include tester. In this approach several plants
combining ability of the selected lines. A tester
with desirable phenotype are selected and self-
with broad genetic base includes an open
pollinated. In subsequent generation, separate
pollinated variety (OPV’s), a synthetic variety or
progeny rows are raised from selfed seed of the
segregating generation of a multiple cross.
selected plants. The progenies are manually
RSGCA can mainly be used for two distinct
intercrossed in all possible combination. From
purposes.
each cross, equal amount of seed is composited to
A. It could be employed to increase the yielding
grow next generation. This concludes original
ability
and
to
improve
agronomic
selection cycle. From this, a number of desirable
characteristics of a population. In this case, a
plants are selected and self-pollinated. Progeny
synthetic variety will be obtained as the final
rows are raised and inter crosses made. Equal
product.
amount of seeds is mixed to raise next generation.
B. It could be employed to concentrate genes for
This completes the first recurrent selection cycle.
good GCA. Here superior inbreds will be
This type is best appropriate for traits having high
obtained as the final product after a few cycles
heritability and the selection for the trait only
of RSGCA.
utilises additive gene action.
3. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability (RSSCA): Hull in 1945, introduced the first concept of recurrent selection for SCA. The method for RSSCA is identical to RSGCA except, that in the situation of tester. Instead of an openpollinated variety, an inbred will be used as the tester here. Here, plants are selected for their ability to combine well with an inbred on the basis of performance of their progeny from test cross with that inbred. It may have estimated that these lines or plants would contain gene combinations
2. Recurrent selection for general combining ability (RSGCA): In this type, a tester parent with broad genetic base is crossed with the selected plants and progenies were raised which are used for progeny testing. A tester parent is a common parent crossed to several lines, plants or strains.
that specifically combine well with those exist in the tester inbred. The best hybrids in heterosis breeding are expected to derive from these lines. 4. Reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS): RRS was given by Comstock, Robinson and Harvey in 1949. Initially, two populations A and B are used.
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The objective is to increase the ability of two
Hallauer, A. R., and Darrah, L. L. (1985).
distinct populations (A and B) to combine well
Compendium of recurrent selection methods
with each other. In this approach, selections are
and their application. Critical Reviews in Plant
made for both GCA and SCA. It may be observed
Sciences, 3(1): 1-33.
that RRS would select for SCA as these two
Pandey, S., and Gardner, C. O. (1992). Recurrent
populations serve as testers for one another and
selection for population, variety, and hybrid
would also select for GCA as these populations
improvement in tropical maize. Advances in
have broad genetic base.
Agronomy, 48: 1-87.
Efficiency
of
different
recurrent
selection
schemes When dominance is incomplete: effectiveness of RSGCA= RRS > RSSCA When dominace is complete: three methods will be equally effective When overdominance is present: effectiveness of RSSCA=RRS >RSGCA Conclusion
Singh, B.D. 2015 Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Souza Jr, C. L. (1999). Recurrent selection and heterosis. Genetics
and
exploitation
heterosis in crops, 247-255. Sprague, G. F. and Eberhart, S. A., (1977) Corn breeding, in Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague, G. F., Ed., American Society Agronomists, Madison, Wis., 305.
The basic purpose of recurrent selection is the genetic improvement of breeding populations for future crop improvement programs and it may not provide immediate benefits or "payoffs". In order to derive the potential returns of recurrent selection approaches and to get acceptable levels of response, it is essential that selection is made on regular basis for a long period of time, say 6 to 30 years. Choice of correct recurrent selection systems is important to make the selection as effective and efficient as possible. References Allard, R.W. 2010. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons, New York
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How Can Women Reduce Stress during Menopause? Y. D. Haritha endorphins, nature’s mood boosters. This can help
Introduction Menopause is the end of a woman’s
elevate the moods of some people, while they
menstrual cycles. The term can describe any of the
simultaneously enjoy the good feeling of having just
changes you go through just before or after you stop
worked out their body and heart. The other benefit of
having your period, marking the end of the
regular exercise is that it can help with the body’s
reproductive years. All women have different
sleep cycle.
experiences during menopause, and the symptoms
Yoga
they report are often quite extensive. With all of the
Leading off from the exercise, a less
changes occurring in the body during this time, and
strenuous form of movement that can bring
the fluctuation of hormone levels, menopause may
relaxation during this time is yoga. A slower paced
cause varying degrees of discomfort in some women.
version, such as Hatha Yoga, can help to relax both
The addition of stress, whether it be caused by
the mind and body in some people. This combination
menopause or other external factors, can sometimes
of mental and physical balance can do wonders for
amplify these symptoms. For this reason it’s
stress levels, keeping those who practice the exercise
important to find ways to relax throughout this
feeling fit, happy, and healthy.
period. Not only will this help with easing the
Massage
symptoms during menopause, but it will also keep
A good massage can help to break down
she feeling happier and better able to manage the
toxins in the body while simultaneously relieving
other pressures in life.
stiffness in the muscles. The reduction of muscle
Here are some ways which can help women
tension can be felt throughout the entire body, and
body and mind relax and be at ease throughout the
individual will come away feeling more relaxed and
menopausal period.
rejuvenated. For this reason a massage is a great way
Exercise
to relieve stress, anxiety, and even control blood
A vigorous workout is not usually high on the priority list of women experiencing menopause.
pressure. Meditation
However it’s important to try and fit some exercise into routine as a good sweat session will release
The mind is just as important as the body when it comes to relaxation; in fact, it is the mind that
Y. D. Haritha College of Community Science, Human Development and Family Studies, ANGRAU, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
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123
often causes a buildup of stress. Practicing
hormone Cortisol.
meditation can help some people reach a state of true
Food
relaxation, aiding in stress relief and having notable
Maintaining a healthy and nutritious diet is
effects on mood and calmness throughout the day.
paramount to keeping the body in good shape, and
Breathing
staying relaxed during menopause. Ensure individual
While individual all breathe, there is an art to
are getting sufficient vitamins, minerals, and eating
proper breathing. Practicing deep breathing can help
from all the major food groups. Whole grain carbs
to calm the body and reduce stress and anxiety. Slow,
and boost energy and mood, and a healthy diet can
controlled breathing at multiple times throughout the
also prevent weight gain, which is a cause of anxiety
day can profoundly impact the stress levels of some
and stress in many women experiencing menopause.
people and induce a feeling of relaxation. Deep
Avoiding alcohol and coffee is also key to better
breathing is designed to relieve tension and stress and
quality sleep and reducing general tension in the
is often done in meditation and yogic practices.
body.
Positive affirmation
Sleep
Negative thoughts are normal, but many
Perhaps one of the most important factors
women don’t notice just how much their negative
when it comes to relaxation is getting a good night’s
self-talk can affect them. Giving self positive
sleep. This may seem easier said than done, with hot
affirmations when individual start to hear negative
flushes and insomnia being common symptoms of
thoughts entering the mind can have a direct impact
menopause, but finding a routine for the body can
on the anxiety individual feel as a result. Saying these
help you get the quality of sleep you deserve. Stick
affirmations out loud is even more effective than just
to the same bedtimes and wake up times, avoid
silently thinking them.
falling asleep while watching TV, and keep the room
Talk
cool, dark, and quiet. With enough training, your Talking to friends, family, or even a
menopause therapist or counsellor can be a great way
body will adjust and the quality of the sleep will improve, resulting in a more relaxed state of being.
to manage your stress during menopause. Simply
Taking small steps in each of these areas can
having someone to talk to that understands what
have a real impact on how much individual will be
individual’re going through can be enough to put the
able to relax during menopause. Give self the time to
mind and body at ease. Conversations don’t always
practice these tips, and see if individual can ease the
need to be serious, however; talking to a friend that
menopause experience. If individual feel that
makes individual laugh can have a positive effect, as
individual are too busy, schedule a time and set up
laughter releases hormones that combat the stress
reminders for each activity. With time, individual
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will form a habit of these, making it easier to carry on with them and integrate these practices into the life. Conclusion Focus on the positive. Have got to focus on the positives Prioritise some “me-time” Individual need to give self some “me” time Change it up Try a new skin care regime Try a new hobby or exercise class Eat well to support the mood and menopause Get the beauty sleep Following all these tips helps the women reduce stress during menopause.
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Super Foods or Super Hypes Dr. Pretty Rani, Ms. Alam Prashanthi and Dr. R. Geetha Reddy Super foods have high nutritional density
Vitamins: It is the organic compounds present in the
food with low calories. Super foods are the power
food. The body requires these substances in small
foods. They are known as power foods as it has high
quantity for normal functioning of the body. Each
nutritional and biological value with satisfactory
vitamin performs its own role in the body.
bioavailability and bioactivity
Super foods may also be high in:
What is considered a super food?
Fiber: Fibers are actually the carbohydrates which
Super foods are foods rich in compounds
the body cannot digests. Fiber helps decrease
(such as antioxidants, fiber, or fatty acids) considered
cholesterol, prevent heart disease and control glucose
beneficial to a person’s health. Superfoods are
in Type 2 diabetes.
generally the foods which are super healthy. But
Flavonoids: Found in plants, flavonoids (once called
speaking frankly, the super foods is the name coined
vitamin P) have anti-inflammatory and anti-
by the marketing industries to segregate the food
carcinogenic properties.
which is claimed to have an edge over the common
Healthy fats: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
food, having increased nutritional efficiency, and
fats, a.k.a. “good fats,” help lower your cholesterol
possessing more amounts of antioxidants which lead
and prevent heart disease and stroke.
to the prevention of many coronary heart diseases
Widely used Super foods
(Singh et al., 2021).
In particular, the most important super foods
In particular, super foods are rich in
according to the data obtained from several studies,
Antioxidants: These natural compounds that protect
are the following:
or delay cells from damage and may lower the risk of
Nuts and seeds
heart disease, cancer and other diseases.
Fish
Minerals: These essential nutrients (calcium,
Fruits: Pomegranate, berries, blueberries, rasp-
potassium, iron and the like) help body perform at its
berries, strawberries, goji berry, chickpeas,
highest level. These are the elements present in the
grape, acai berry, hippophaes.
food that are required by our body to develop and
Dried nuts: Walnuts, almonds, cereals.
function properly.
Pulses: Red beans, cocoa, sweet potatoes,
mastic Dr. Pretty Rani and Ms. Alam Prashanthi Teaching Associate, Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, PJTSAU, Hyderabad Dr. R. Geetha Reddy Professor and University Head, Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, PJTSAU, Hyderabad E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Vegetables: Broccoli, spinach.
prevents us from eating too much (or too much
Seaweed: Spirulina, chlorella.
cabbage) of a given nutrient. The role of the super
Milk products: Kefir, donkey milk.
food in providing appropriate nutrition results best
Herbs: Ginger, ginkgo biloba, tea.
when accompanied with a balanced diet.
Bee products: Honey, royal jelly, waxes
References
Quinoa
Barsby, J.P., Cowley, J.M., Leemaqz, S.Y., Grieger,
Avocado
J.A., McKeating, D.R., Perkins, A.V.,
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Bastian, S.E.P., Burton, R.A. and Bianco-
Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica)
Miotto, T. (2021). Nutritional properties of
Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
selected
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also known
potential health benefits. Peer J 9: e12525
as winter cherry Super foods- identical as super sale The benefits of the super foods are not clearly
superfood
extracts
and
their
DOI 10.7717/peerj.12525 Singh, P.M., Soni, K., Bhamra, R. and Mitaal, K.R. (2021).
Superfood:
Value
and
Need.
seen. Much nutritionist belief that, it is a marketing
Current Nutrition & Food Science, XXXX,
term for nutrient-rich foods, which are successfully
XX, 1-4.
promoted to the consumers with the promises of
Proestos, C. (2018). Superfoods: Recent Data on
health, wellbeing, and beauty. A super food is often
their Role in the Prevention of Diseases.
nutritious, but it is obvious that this term is more
Current Research in Nutritional Food
useful than promoting promotions, rather than
Science, 6(3).
formulating optimal nutritional recommendations.
https://www.livescience.com/34693-superfoods.html
The downside of a super food is that the title itself makes people want to focus on a few specific foods, and steers them away from more, equally nutritious
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/superf oods/
foods that don't make as much noise. Conclusions Scientifically, there is no such thing as a super food they’re basically referring to nutrient-rich foods or compounds that have properties that can impact health. Food diversity is important not only because we can enjoy the benefits of a wide range of essential vitamins and minerals, but also because it E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Commodity Markets in India: A Review M. Uday Bhaskar and Dr. R. V. Sujatha Introduction
How to trade in the Commodities market?
A commodities market is a market that trades
You can trade in the commodities market
natural products such as cocoa, fruit, and sugar in the
through the following two contracts:
primary financial sector rather than synthetic
Forwards Contracts: This contract is an agreement
products. Gold and oil are among the difficult
between two parties to sell or buy a certain
commodities extracted. Futures contracts are the
commodity at a fixed price in the future. This
most traditional way to invest in commodities.
contract hedges the risk for the buyer against price
Physical trading and derivatives trading using spot
fluctuations, and the seller can get a guaranteed price
charges, forwards, futures, and options on futures are
for his product at a specified date.
examples of commodity markets. For ages, farmers
Futures Contract: Futures contract is an agreement
have utilised a rudimentary kind of by-product
between two parties who agree to buy or sell a
trading to manage price risk in the commodities
particular asset at a specified date and at a
market.
predetermined price. The payment and delivery of
What is commodity trading in India?
the asset are made at a future date, termed the
Even today in villages, farmers exchange
delivery date. The buyer in the futures contract is
commodities among themselves. In the organized
known to hold a long position and the seller in the
commodity trading world, things are a little different.
futures contract is said to be having a short position.
Commodity trading is regaining its importance
Why should you trade in commodity markets in
among investors. This trading happens on a
India?
commodities exchange, where various commodities
Commodities markets are the precise manner
and their derivatives products are bought/sold. The
so that it will hedge your fairness portfolio.
most commonly traded items are agricultural
Commodities and equities have a terrible correlation.
products and contracts based on them. But,
So, when equity markets fall, commodity markets
increasing non-agro commodities are also being
upward thrust and vice-a-versa.
traded like diamonds, steel, energy items etc.
For this reason commodity buying and selliM. Uday Bhaskar
Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Dr. R. V. Sujatha Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Dr. YSR Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh
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128
ng enables you manage the stock market risks. Sure
1. Real Price Discovery: Commodity trading
commodities like crude oil, gold, copper offer high
markets have furnished an obvious platform to
buying and selling volumes. In case you do now not
farmers. This has helped in easy and real fee
need to without delay alternate within the
discovery in the market. Prior to commodity
commodities marketplace, then you can also invest
buying and selling markets, farmers had been
thru mutual budget (www.karvyonline.com).
often without problems looted by corrupt
What are the Commodity Exchanges available in
middlemen who used to buy from farmers cost
India?
effectively and promote at a high rate to traders. India has 22 commodity exchanges that have
been set up under the Forward Markets Commission. The following commodity exchanges are popular choices for trading in India
But with a centralized commodity trading trade, the farmer’s pursuits are protected. 2. Higher high-quality of Commodities: Because commodity trading markets have strict policies at
Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX)
the exceptional of commodities traded at the trade,
Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)
the farmers also are paying unique interest to
National Multi Commodity Exchange of India
growing pinnacle-notch commodities.
(NMCE) National Commodity and Derivative Exchange (NCDEX) There are 4 types of commodities which can be traded in a commodity trading market: Metals: Gold, Silver, Platinum, Copper etc. Energy: Crude oil, Gasoline, Heating gas etc. Agriculture: Wheat, Rice, Cocoa, Ragi etc. Livestock & Meat: Eggs, Cattle etc. What is the importance of a commodity trading market? Commodity trading market has provided an exchange platform for market participants where real price discovery of commodities can take place. Let’s look at the importance of commodity trading markets in India.
3. Better rate threat control: With commodity derivatives, farmers have diverse green rate threat mitigation tools like futures and options. 4. Ease of statistics: A vital commodity trading market has helped farmers get admission to facts thru loose SMS, dedicated television show ‘mandi.com’, and cognizance and education packages
at
some
point
of
the
USA.
(www.karvyonline.com) Who are the participants in commodity markets in India? Like the stock market, the commodity trading market is also dominated by: 1. Hedgers 2. Speculators 1. Hegders: Hedgers are producers, manufacturers, and so forth who participate within the commodity
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129
trading marketplace best to hedge their hazard.
related derivatives. Despite this, commodities futures
Their purpose is to lessen chance, not make
markets are, for the most part, underdeveloped. The
income. For example: A rice farmer desires to
root of the problem is a large-scale government
hedge the fee risk on his produce. So, he enters
intervention in the agricultural sector. The fact is that
into a futures settlement. Now, if the fee of rice
the production and distribution of a number of
falls within the local market, he can promote his
agricultural commodities is still regulated by the
futures agreement and make earnings. In case the
state, and futures trading has only recently been
rate rises, he can promote the produce at a higher
introduced with strict regulatory limitations. If the
fee within the local marketplace. These manner
futures market is to thrive, market forces should be
farmers, producers hedge their risk within the
permitted to play their part rather than attempting to
commodity markets
restrict fees.
2. Speculators: Speculators are investors who really speculate at the rate of the commodity. Speculators purpose to generate quick term income via commodity buying and selling. They do no longer face any threat, which wishes hedging. As an example, Ravi expects that the price of rice will pass up in the coming months.
References https://ncdex.com/about/ncdex-overview/25/08/2021 https://www.karvyonline.com/knowledge-center/beg inner/what-is-commodity-market/24/08/2021. https://www.angelone.in/knowledge-center/commo dities-trading/what-is-commodity-market
So, he buys a rice futures settlement and sells when the price increases. This way, he makes an earnings without taking any long term positions or physical delivery (www.angelone.in). Conclusions Commodity trading is a fantastic way to battle inflation in India, as commodity prices rise in areas where inflation is rising. Commodity futures contracts, on the other hand, are highly leveraged, making
them
vulnerable.
Whatever
trading
technique one employs, it is critical to keep a close eye on the commodity market. India is a major producer of a variety of commodities and has a long history of purchasing and selling commodities and E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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130
Potential Varieties of Field Pea: Current Scenario and Future Outlook in India A. K. Parihar and G. P. Dixit
Abstract Field pea is a very imperative nutritionally dense winter season pulse crop after chickpea and lentil in the India. This crop is embraced as one of the cheapest sources of easily digestible protein in human and livestock diet worldwide. Being highly productive and nutrient rich crop it has tremendous scope towards the food and nutritional security of resource poor vegetarian folks. During last two decades concerted research and developmental efforts have been dedicated in India in order to improve field pea. Consequently, numbers of varieties have been developed by tailoring plant types with high yield potential and multiple disease resistance. As a result the productivity of this crop has been increased considerably in spite of the reduction in cultivation area. In this article, here we briefly describe the retrospective and current scenario of field pea varieties and their future outlook in India. Most significantly, the varieties developed by ICAR-IIPR have created substantial space in national breeder seed chain which witnessed their huge acceptance at farmer’s field. In future to expand the area and production of this crop there is urgent need of development of climate resilient varieties with high nutritional profile and good policy support. dietary fibre rich fragment of seed. It is also
Introduction Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the
acknowledged as suitable candidate for crop rotation,
important post rainy season pulse crop next to
green manures, and cover crops, by the virtue of
chickpea and lentil in the India. It is being consumed
inherent fast growing ability and soil nutrient
in different forms such as soup, chat, chhola, dal,
enrichment through atmospheric nitrogen fixation.
stew, snacks, vegetables and flour. Besides, it is flour
Field pea has mainly two plant types’ viz.
also used in food based industries as a thickening
indeterminate (Tall) type and determinate (bushy or
agent. The seeds are admirable source of proteins
dwarf) type. In present article we are discussing
(21.2-32.9%), carbohydrates (56-74%), vitamins,
about present status of high yielding varieties and
minerals and fibres. It is acknowledged as one of the
future outlook to create awareness among the
cheapest sources of easily digestible protein for
stallholders which would certainly helpful in
human and livestock owing to the lack of major anti-
acceleration of field pea production in India.
nutritional elements. The seed coat and cotyledon are A. K. Parihar and G. P. Dixit ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
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131
Indian scenario
and in-built resistance against prevailing diseases.
In India, this crop covers about 0.64 million hectares area with 0.88 million tons production. The highest area and production were recorded 1.06 mha and 1.01 mt, respectively, in 2016-17 and decreased in subsequent years (Fig. 1.). The area and production has been decreased dramatically around 40% and 13 %, respectively, as compare to 2016-17. Its cultivation is predominantly restricted to northern and central parts of the country. In total pea domestic
Fig. 1: Trend of area, production and productivity of Field pea in India during 2015-16 to 2020-21
production the major accountable states are Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh with share of about 80 per cent. In the case of Uttar Pradesh sizable growth has been recorded in term of production and productivity during the same period, however, the area fluctuates between 284 to 361 thousands ha. Most surprisingly the area and production of field
Uttar Pradesh
pea have been reduced suddenly in Madhya Pradesh and the slight decrease in productivity was also noticed. Recent years it is also emerging as a candidate crop for rice fallow cultivation in Chhattisgarh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam. Consequently, in Jharkhand increasing trend was observed for area, production and productivity.
Madhya Pradesh
In Assam, the area and production have been almost doubled during reporting period and increasing trend has also been demonstrated by productivity (Fig. 2). On the contrary, the average national productivity of this crop has increased considerably during the same period from 955 to 1375 kg ha-1 highest than other pulse crops. This could be possible due to concerted breeding efforts towards changing plant architecture E-ISSN: 2583-1755
Jharkhand Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
132
incidence of powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) disease on all varieties i.e. T 6113, T 6115 and especially on a ruling tall variety T-163 which succumbed to this disease. With the inception of AICRP on pulses in 1967 the urgent need was felt for the development of powdery mildew resistant and input responsive Assam
variety of field pea. Hence, the first powdery mildew
Fig. 2: Trends of area, production and productivity of Field pea in major growing states during 2015-16 to 2020-21
resistant variety ‘Rachna’ with plant type similar to
Varietal development
segregating materials of T 163 x Type 10.
that of Type 163 was released in 1980 from
Varietal development to enhance grain yield
Furthermore, some more powdery mildew resistant
with high stability is a major goal of field pea
and high yielding varieties like DMR-7, Malviya
breeders. Grain yield is a convoluted feature
matar 2, HFP-4, KFP 103, JP 885, Jayanti, HFP 8909
influenced by many traits directly or indirectly. In
etc. were released for different zones. Later on, to
field pea breeding program, the improvement in
improve the standing ability of field pea dwarf
overall productivity has been mainly approached
stature
through tailoring plant type (especially lodging
incorporated with resistance to powdery mildew.
resistance and plant height), resistances to key biotic
Both the characters have played an instrumental role
(powdery mildew and rust) stresses. Initially, the
in reducing the negative trend of area under this crop.
main focus was on the improvement of other traits
The new plant type with leaflets converting into
i.e. plant type, seed type & color etc. through
tendrils and retaining the normal stipules known as
selection from local populations. Consequently, the
‘semi-leafless’ which has
first white seeded field pea variety T 163 was
standing ability
developed through selection from local bulk
penetration of sunlight to lower portion of the plant
population from Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh in 1950.
which also reduced susceptibility to pathogen attack
Later on, number of varieties for example T 6113, T
and network of interlocked tendrils above crop
6115, BR 2, BR 12, B 22 BR 118, Hans, Kinnauri,
canopy to prevent bird damage. The ‘leaflet-less’
Harbhajan (Exotic) and RPG 3 were developed by
plant type requirement for water is less as compared
selection, introduction, breeding and mutation for
to leafy plant type. Incorporation of the dwarfing
cultivation in plains and hills. Unfortunately, during
gene has also enhanced the productivity through
the 1960’s and early 1970’s, the cultivation area of
response to inputs like fertilizers and irrigation and
pea was declined substantially owing to the severe
high plant population. The variety HFP 4 (Aparna)
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and
leaflet
less
(tendril)
attributes
advantages of better
through inter plant support,
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
133
was the first dwarf, leafless and powdery mildew
market. Uniform green colour is an alluring
resistant variety derived from the cross of T 163 x
component since long back in dried peas to expand
EC 109196. Afterward HFP 4 in combination with
its market value. Therefore, to enhance the market
EC 109185 led to the development of variety, HFP
value of field pea seeds research was started by
8909. It also resulted in the development of variety
different researcher groups to develop high yielding
KPMR 144-1 from hybridization with Rachna. Rust
varieties with green seed colour. Consequently, field
(Uromyces viciae fabae) is another important disease
pea varieties like SKNP-04-9, HFP 9426, IPFD 10-
causes
congenial
12 and IPF 16-13 with green seed colour have been
condition. This disease is more serious in areas with
developed and many more are in pipe line.
high humidity with moderate temperatures. As far as
Interestingly, during recent years farmers are
the resistance sources are concerned, till date only
fetching good price for the seeds of these varieties.
partial resistance has been reported by the
In field pea, research and development activities are
researchers. However, several tolerant lines viz., PJ
undertaken by following institutes i.e. CCSHAU,
207508, C 12, Wisconsin, DMR 3, Pant P 5, Pant P
Hisar (Haryana), GBPUAT, Pantnagar (Uttara
8, Pant 9, HFP 8711 and HUDP 15 have been
khand), ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), SDAU,
reported. Some rust tolerant varieties of field pea
SK Nagar (Gujarat), CSAUAT, Kanpur (U.P.),
released
BHU, Varanasi (U.P.), IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) and
considerable
by
All
damage
India
under
Coordinated
Pulses
Improvement Project viz., Pant P 5, Swati (KFPD-
RARI, Durgapura (Rajasthan).
24), HUDP 15 (Malviya Matar 15) and IPFD 1-10,
Impact of ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur varieties
Pant P 42, Pant P 74 IPF 5-19 and HFP 529 have been developed with good yield potential.
In the current scenario the high yielding and multiple stresses resistance varieties developed by
Keeping in mind that the short duration
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur
varieties can escape the terminal moisture stress and
are being played instrumental role in increasing
suitable for different cropping system, during last
productivity of field pea in the country. During past
two decades several short duration and high yielding
two decades, more than a dozen varieties have been
varieties like Subhra, Paras, GDF-1, DDR-23,
developed and all together holding lions share in
Ambika, DDR 27, KPMR-400, Vikas, IPFD 10-12,
national breeder seed indent chain which is currently
IPFD 12-2, IPFD 11-5, TRCP-8, IPFD 2014-2, Pant
around 69.00% (Fig. 3). These varieties have been
Pea 243 and IPF 16-13 with disease resistance have
developed as per the need of our stakeholders which
been developed. Since, the visual appearance of
is witnessed by their huge contribution in national
grain legumes seeds is considered as an essential
seed chain. During 20th century, the powdery mildew
factor for quality point of view in the commercial
and rust diseases were the serious bottleneck in
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134
harnessing yield potential in field pea and therefore,
bold, slightly dimpled, smooth and attractive
the need for development of resistant varieties was
green colored. It has white colour flower, glabrous
felt. Sincere efforts have been made over the years
leaf surface and two pods per cluster with 65-70
and numbers of varieties have been developed with
cm plant height. Hence, it was released and
appropriate duration, plant type and resistance to
notified for cultivation in 2014 for the states of
different disease. In recent decade, number of high
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bundelkhand
yielding and multiple stress resistance varieties viz.
region of U.P. and Gujarat.
IPFD 10-12, IPFD 11-5, IPFD 6-3, IPFD 9-2, IPF 16-
2. IPFD 11-5: This dwarf type variety developed
13, IPFD 12-2, IPFD 2014-2, IPFD 12-8, IPFD 13-
from the segregating materials of cross (DDR 16
2 and IPFD 16-3 have been developed which are
× HUDP 7) × DDR 16. In growth habit it has early
suitable for different agro-climatic conditions. The
vigour, green stipules, round, creamish white and
green seeded variety IPFD 10-12 have highest share
smooth seed. It has average maturity period of 109
(17.39%) followed by IPFD 2014-2 (11.74%) in
days, plant height of 65cm and 100-seed weight
national breeder seed chain 2021-22. Other varieties
16.20gm. Furthermore, it is resistant to powdery
IPFD 12-2, IPFD 9-2 and IPFD 11-5 have 10.20,
mildew disease. In term of quality it has higher
10.23, 9.82 per cent contribution, respectively, in
protein content (22.98 percent) as compare to the
national breeder seed chain (Fig. 3.).
checks viz., Prakash and Adarsh. Therefore, it is recommended for cultivation in the states Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh and South Rajasthan. 3. IPFD 6-3: It is a dwarf and semi-leafless type
Fig. 4: Contribution of ICAR-IIPR field pea varieties in national breeder seed scenario Brief description of recently developed high-
variety developed from the cross of KPMRD 389 × HUDP 7 using pedigree methods. This variety has resistant to powdery mildew and moderately
yielding varieties of field pea by ICAR-IIPR,
resistance to rust disease with the yield potential
Kanpur
of 2662 kg ha-1. It has medium large seed size with
1. IPFD 10-12: A Green Seeded dwarf field pea
round, smooth and white colour seed. This variety
variety IPFD 10-12 derived from the cross of IPF
has been released and notified in 2016 for Uttar
99-25 × EC 384275. It has average yield potential
Pradesh. The average maturity period of this
-1
of 2176 Kg ha with resistant to powdery mildew
variety is 120-125 days, plant stature 60-65 cm
disease. The variety matures in 109 days and has
and 100-seed weight 19.60 gm. It has moderate
100- seed weight of about 16.4 gm. Grains are
resistance to pod borer and dark foliage colour.
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135
This variety has good standing ability till maturity
hern Rajasthan. It has the average yield potential
due the tendril which helps in improving lodging
of 2433 kg ha-1 and resistant to powdery mildew
resistance through interlocking.
disease. Furthermore, it is tolerant to pod borer
4. IPFD 9-2: This is a semi-dwarf and tendril type
and moderately resistant to aphid and leaf miner.
field pea variety developed from the segregating
It has early vigour, green glabrous stipules, round,
materials of cross between ‘IPFD 98-1’ x ‘HUDP
white and smooth seed. It has average maturity
15’ followed by pedigree method. It has green
duration of 110 days, plant stature of 76 cm and
glabrous stipules, white flower, white and round
100-seed weight 16.93 gm. In quality analysis
seed. The average maturity period of this variety
IPFD 12-2 showed higher protein content (23.05
is 125-130 days, plant stature 60-70 cm and 100-
percent) as compare to the checks.
seed weight 17.80 gm. Moreover, it has resistance
6. IPFD 2014-2: This field pea variety released in
to powdery mildew and tolerance to rust disease
2018 for central zone comprising states of
with 20-22 qt ha-1 yield potential. Similarly, it
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and
exhibited moderately resistant reaction to pod
parts of Rajasthan. It is a mottled (violet) tan
borer and stem fly. Hence, it is released and
colour and bold seeded dwarf field pea variety
notified in 2018 for whole Uttar Pradesh. The
having average yield potential of 2270 kg ha-1. It
plant type of this variety having good standing
has resistant to powdery mildew disease and
ability since the leaflets turns into tendrils which
moderately
ultimately helped the plants in improving lodging
Furthermore, it has moderate resistance to pod
resistance through interlocking of plants in a
borer, aphid and leaf miner. It has early vigour,
population till full maturity. The good standing
green glabrous stipules, red flower colour, mottled
ability improved the penetration of sunlight to
(violet) tan colour & dimpled seed. The average
lower portion of the plant and air ventilation,
maturity duration of this variety is 102 days, plant
which consequently reduces the chances of
stature 63 cm and 100-seed weight 18.66 gm. In
disease infestation as compare to other varieties.
addition, this variety may be successfully
Similarly, the network of interlocked tendrils
cultivated under rice fallow situations also with
above crop canopy would also assist in reducing
given traits.
damage due to birds attack.
resistant
to
Ascochyta
blight.
7. IPF 16-13 (Harit): This variety released in 2020
5. IPFD 12-2: It is dwarf and semi-leafless variety
for North Eastern Plain Zone comprised of eastern
with white and round seed which was released in
and central Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
2017 for central zone comprising states of
Assam and West Bengal. It is tall, green seeded,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Sout-
leafy type variety with grain yield potential of 20-
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136
22 qt ha-1. It is an early vigour type in growth habit
disease. It has medium seed size with round,
and has green glabrous stipules, white flower
smooth and white colour and yellow cotyledon.
colour, light green foliage, green and round seed.
Hence it has been released and notified in 2020 for
The average maturity duration of this variety is
whole Uttar Pradesh.
116 days, plant stature108 cm and 100-seed
10. IPFD 16-3: This elite genotype derived from the
weight 19.0 gm. It is moderately resistant to
cross of IPFD 99-13 and VRP-3. It has potential
powdery mildew and rust disease. Furthermore, it
yield of 2733 kg ha-1 with average grain yield of
is moderately resistant to pod borer, aphid and leaf
1646 kg ha-1. It is resistant to powdery mildew,
miner. It has good protein content and also
rust and ascochyta blight disease. It has medium,
contains low RFO and sugar as compared to
round, smooth and creamish white colour seed
vegetable type varieties.
with yellow cotyledon. Hence, notification
8. IPFD 12-8: This is white, dwarf and leafy type
proposal was submitted to CVRC and it has been
variety. It has been developed from the cross of
released and notified for commercial cultivation
IPFD 1-10 x DDR 27 using pedigree method. It
in entire UP state in 2021.
has demonstrated more than 15 % yield
Conclusion and way forward
superiority over the best check KPMR 522 in
The above discussed varieties having high
State Adaptive trials over 3 years (2014-17). It
yield potential, disease resistant and different
portrayed average grain yield potential of 1158 kg
maturity durations. Consequently, these varieties
-1
ha over the different locations of Uttar Pradesh, -1
have created space for themselves in different
the highest was recorded 2568 kg ha . In addition,
cropping system and gained tremendous popularity
it is resistant to powdery mildew and rust disease.
among the farmers which is witnessed by it is huge
It has medium seed size with round, smooth and
share in field pea national breeder seed indent. In
white colour and yellow cotyledon. Hence, it has
future, these varieties may be good alternative of
been released and notified in 2020 for whole Uttar
existing old varieties under irrigated as well as
Pradesh.
rainfed conditions during Rabi season for well-timed
9. IPFD 13-2: This is a dwarf and leafy type variety
sown conditions in different agro-climatic regions.
of field pea. It was portrayed more than 24 % yield
Therefore, rapid dissemination of the new cultivar
superiority over the best check KPMR 522 in
with scientific cultivation to the famers’ field
State Adaptive trials over 3 years (2015-18). The
through frontline demonstration is urgently required
-1
average grain yield of variety is 1409 kg ha
in order to capture the tremendous potential of these
across different locations of Uttar Pradesh. It is
newly developed high yielding varieties in different
resistant to powdery & downey mildew and rust
untapped areas. In addition, in coming years more
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137
sincere efforts need to be devoted to develop
varieties and registration of germplasm.
mechanically harvestable plant types with high
Indian Journal of Genetics, 77(4): 584-585.
levels of resistance to major biotic (Rust & powdery
Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P. and Singh, N.P. (2019).
mildew), abiotic stresses (High temperature &
‘Variety Fieldpea IPFD 9-2’ Notification of
drought tolerance) coupled with earliness, thus, field
crop varieties and registration of germplasm.
pea could be adopted at large scale in the changing
Indian Journal of Genetics, 79(3): 639.
climatic scenario in different cropping systems. The
Dixit, G.P., Parihar, A.K. and Singh, N.P. (2017).
value added field pea varieties i.e. low flatulence,
“Variety
high iron & zinc are the need of the hour to
Notification of crop varieties and registration
popularize this crop and provide nutritional security
of germplasm. Indian Journal of Genetics,
to resource poor folks. Hence, in future field pea
77(3): 438-439.
central
fieldpea
IPFD
11-5”
varieties should be dwarf & semi-dwarf, non-
Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P. and Singh, N.P. (2019).
lodging, extra early, value added, heat tolerant and
Variety Fieldpea IPFD 2014-2’ Notification
disease free with white and green seed (for human
of
consumption) as well as red seed coat (for feed and
germplasm. Indian Journal of Genetics,
fodder purpose).With the abovementioned traits this
79(3): 639.
crop has huge potential to encase the available opportunities in different existing cropping system to increase system productivity and profitability. References Dixit, G.P., Parihar, A.K. and Gupta, S. (2014). Perspective for increasing fieldpea production in India. Handbook on minor and imported pulses of India (2014). Published by Commodityindia.com, 37-39. Dixit, G.P. and Parihar, A.K. (2014). Aman-A high yielding fieldpea variety with better standing ability. E-Publication on http://krishisewa. com/cms/varieties/pulse-varieties/368-field pea-variety.html Parihar, A.K. and Dixit, G.P. (2017). ‘Variety central fieldpea IPFD 12-2’ Notification of crop E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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varieties
and
registration
of
Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P. and Singh, N.P. (2020). Variety IPF16-13 (Harit). Notification of crop varieties and registration of germplasm Indian Journal of Genetics, 80(1): 124-124. Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P. and Singh, N.P. (2021). Variety IPFD 12-8, Notification of crop varieties and registration of germplasm Indian Journal of Genetics, 81(1): 158. Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P. and Singh, N.P. (2021). Variety IPFD 13-2, Notification of crop varieties and registration of germplasm Indian Journal of Genetics, 82(1): 129. Gupta, S. and Parihar, A.K. (2015) Fieldpea Cultivation in India (Pocket guide), AICRP on
MULLaRP,
IIPR,
Kanpur-208024.
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Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P., Singh, A.K., Kumar, N.
Das, A., Parihar, A.K., Saxena, D., Singh, D.,
and Singh, N.P. (2021b). Development of
Singha, K.D., Kushwaha, K.P.S., Chand, R.,
extra early field pea genotypes using inter-
Bal, R.S., Chandra, S. and Gupta, S., 2019.
specific hybridization. The Indian Journal of
Deciphering
Agricultural Sciences, 91(2).
interaction for targeting test environments
genotype-by-environment
Parihar, A.K., Kumar, J., Gupta, D.S., Lamichaney,
and rust resistant genotypes in field pea
A., Sj, S.N., Singh, A.K., Dixit, G.P., Gupta,
(Pisum sativum L.). Frontiers in Plant
S. and Toklu, F. (2022). Genomics Enabled
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Breeding Strategies for Major Biotic Stresses
Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P., Bohra, A., Gupta, D.S.,
in Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Frontiers in Plant
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N.P. (2020). Genetic Advancement in dry pea
Parihar, A.K., Hazra, K.K., Lamichaney, A., Dixit,
(Pisum sativum L.): retrospect and prospect.
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(2022). Characterizing plant trait (s) for
(283-341). Springer, Cham.
improved heat tolerance in field pea (Pisum
Parihar, A.K., Dixit, G.P., Singh, U., Singh, A.K.,
sativum L.) under subtropical climate. Inter-
Kumar, N. and Gupta, S. (2021). Potential of
national Journal of Biometeorology, 66(6):
Field Pea as a Nutritionally Rich Food
1267-1281.
Legume Crop. In Breeding for Enhanced
Lamichaney, A., Parihar, A.K., Hazra, K.K., Dixit,
Nutrition and Bio-Active Compounds in
G.P., Katiyar, P.K., Singh, D., Singh, A.K.,
Food Legumes (pp. 47-82). Springer, Cham.
Kumar,
N.
and
Singh,
N.P.
(2021).
Untangling the influence of heat stress on crop phenology, seed set, seed weight, and germination in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 635868. Parihar, A.K., Yadav, R., Lamichaney, A., Mishra, R.K., Chandra, A., Gupta, D.S., Tripathi, K., Hazra, K.K. and Dixit, G.P. (2022). Field Pea Breeding. In Fundamentals of Field Crop Breeding (1237-1321). Springer, Singapore.
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Learning Process Vishal Yadav, Dr. R. K. Doharey and Dr. Sanjeev Atrey According to Gagne, “Learning occurs when
Definition of Learning Learning is a relatively permanent change in the
something together with the content of the
behaviour or attitude of a person over time -
stimulus situation affects the students' memories
CHRISTINE CHIN SANG.
so that his actions (his performance) before he
Learning is the accumulating of experiences and the consequential growth and new understanding of the world around us. - KRISTI McGRATH.
changed from time to time through situation after situation he had experienced earlier.” Learning is a relatively settled any change in behaviour that occur as a result of training or
Learning is a lifelong process of gaining and
experience. – Morgan
using information presented to us. The ability to
Features of Learning
learn is endless, as long as the desire is present.
1. Learning is growth: The individual grows as he
Learning
is
only
successful
when
the
lives. This growth implies I both physical as well
information gained is used and understood. -
as mental development of the learner. The
THOMAS CORRELL.
individual gains experiences through various
Learning is the expansion of what one may
activities. These are all sources of learning. The
already know or perceive. It is the accumulation
individual grows through living and learning.
of knowledge but more importantly the
Thus growth and learning are interrelated and
application of this knowledge. If one cannot use
even synonymous.
newly acquired information for his/her own.
2. Learning is adjustment: Learning enables the
Practical use or benefit than it is doubtful that
individual to adjust himself properly, with the new
he/she is engaged in the Learning process. -
situations. The individual faces new problems and
SARA KASPER.
new situations throughout his life and learning
According to Hilliard Bower, “Learning is
helps him to solve the problems encountered by
associated with changes in person’s behaviour
him. That is why; many of psychologists describe
to something situation caused by repeated
learning as “a process of progressive adjustment
experiences in that situation, where changes in
to the ever changing conditions which one
behaviour cannot be explained or basic innate
encounters.” The society in which we live is so
response tendencies, maturation.”
complex and so dynamic that any one type of
Vishal Yadav, Dr. R. K. Doharey and Dr. Sanjeev Atrey Department of Extension Education, ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya
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adjustment will not be suitable for all or many
markets, and clubs exert immense, influence on
situations and problems. It is through learning that
The individual minds. As such, learning becomes
one could achieve the ability to adjust adequately
both individual as well a social.
to all situations of life.
7. Learning affects the conduct of the learner:
3. Learning is purposeful: All kinds of learning is
Learning is called the modification of behaviour.
goal-oriented. The individual acts with some
It affects the learner’s Behaviours and conduct.
purpose. He learns through activities. He gets
Every learning experience brings about changes in
himself interested when he is aware of his
the mental structure of the learner. Therefore
objectives to be realized through these activities.
attempts are made to provide such learning
Therefore all learning is purposive in nature.
experiences which can mould the desired conduct
4. Learning is experience: The individual learns through experiences. Human life is fall of experiences. All these experiences provide new knowledge, understanding, skills and Attitudes.
and habits in the learners. Theories of Learning There are four theories which explain how learning occurs. They are:
Learning is not mere acquisition of the
1. Classical conditioning
knowledge, skills and Attitudes. It is also the
2. Operant conditioning
reorganization of experiences or the synthesis of
3. Cognitive theory
the Old experiences with the new.
4. Social learning theory.
5. Learning is intelligent: Mere cramming without
1. Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning is
proper understanding does not make learning.
based on the premise that a physical event termed
Thus Meaningless efforts do not produce
a Stimulus that initially does not elicit a particular
permanent results. Any work done mechanically
response gradually acquires. The capacity to elicit
cannot yield satisfactory learning outcomes.
that response as a result of repeated pairing with a
Learning.Therefore must be intelligent.
Stimulus that elicits a reaction. Learning of this
6. Learning is both individual and social:
type is quite common and Seems to plan important
Although learning is an individual activity, it is
role in such reactions as strong fears, taste
social also. Individual mind is consciously or
Aversions, some aspect of sexual behaviour and
unconsciously affected by the group activities.
even racial or ethnic prejudice.
Individual is influenced by his peers, friends, relatives’ parents and classmates and Learns their
2. Operant Conditioning (Voluntary Behaviour): Operant conditioning also called instrumental
ideas, feelings and attitudes in some way or
conditioning refers to the Process that our
others. The social Agencies like family, church,
behaviour produces certain consequences.
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If our actions have pleasant effects, then we will
how to behave in organizations can be explained
be more likely to repeat them in the Future. If,
as the result of the process of observational
however, our actions have unpleasant effects, we
learning.
are less likely to repeat them in the future. Thus, according to this theory, behavior is the function of its consequences.
Factors affecting learning Some of the important factors which may affect the learning process are as follows:
3. Cognitive theory of learning: Contemporary
1. Intellectual factor: The term refers to the
perspective about learning is that it is a cognitive
individual mental level. Success in school is
process. Cognitive process assumes that people
generally closely related to level of the intellect.
are conscious, active participants in how they
Pupils with low intelligence often encounter
learn. Cognitive theory of learning assumes that
serious difficulty in mastering schoolwork.
the organism learns the meaning of various
Sometimes pupils do not learn because of special
objects
intellectual disabilities.
and
event
and
learned
responses
Depending on the meaning assigned to stimuli.
2. Learning factors: Factors owing to lack of
Wolfgang Koehler showed that a protracted
mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods
process of trial-and-error may be replaced by a
of Work or study, and narrowness of experimental
sudden
the
background may affect the learning process of any
interrelationships of a problem. This process,
pupil. If the school proceeds too rapidly and does
Called insight, is more akin to piecing together a
not constantly check up on the extent to which the
puzzle than responding to a Stimulus.
pupil is mastering what is being taught, the pupil
Understanding
that
grasps
4. Social learning theory: Also called observational learning, social learning theory, emphasizes the
accumulates a number of deficiencies that interfere with successful progress.
ability of an individual to learn by observing
3. Physical factors: Under this group are included
others. The important models may include
such factors as health, physical development,
parents, teachers, peers, motion pictures, TV
Nutrition, visual and physical defects, and
artists, bosses and others. An individual acquires
glandular abnormality. It is generally recognized
new knowledge by observing what happens to his
that ill health retards physical and motor
or her model. This is popularly known as vicarious
development, and malnutrition interferes with
learning. A learner acquires tacit knowledge and
learning and physical growth.
skills through vicarious learning. Social learning
4. Mental factors: Attitude falls under mental
has considerable relevance in organizational
factors attitudes are made up of organic and
behavior. A great deal of what is learned about
kinaesthetic elements. They are not to be confused
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with emotions that are characterized by internal visceral disturbances. Attitudes are more or less of definite sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general Behavior of the individual. Attitudes are also important in the development of personality. 5. Emotional and social factor: Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various kinds of stimuli are determined by a wide variety of tendencies. Some of these innate tendencies are constructive and others are harmful. For some reason a pupil may have developed a dislike for some subject because he may fail to see its value, or may lack foundation. This dislike results in a bad emotional state. 6. Environmental factor: Physical
conditions
needed for learning is under environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which Learning takes place.
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Bio-fortification in Horticultural Crops Pankaj Kumar Ray and Pallavi Bharti What is Biofortification?
level of 30 ppm of provitamin A in sweet potato,
Biofortification is the process of adding
International Potato Center (CIP) in south Africa and
nutritional value to the crop. It refers to nutrient
Uganda (Harvest plus) + National agriculture
enrichment of crops to address the negative
Research and Extension System (NARES) started
economic and health consequences of vitamin and
project in 2002-07 and the first variety released in
mineral deficiencies in humans.
2002. This variety have ability to grater provitamin
Need for Biofortification: Vitamin A deficiency
A retention more than 80% after boiling or steaming
(VAD) is an important health concern in developing
and at least 75% after solar or sun drying but also
countries among children and women of child-
high yielding and drought tolerant. HarvestPlus and
bearing age and is estimated to account for >600,000
its partners distributed OSP to more than 24,000
deaths each year globally among children less than 5
households in Uganda and Mozambique. Bio-
years of age. According to Government of India
fortified varieties are now being introduced in many
statistics provided to the World Health Organization
parts of Africa and South America, as well as China.
(WHO) 62% of all preschool-age children are VAD.
In 2009, CIP launched its Sweet Potato for Profit and
Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) deficiencies
Health Initiative (SPHI), which seeks to deliver OSP
are serious public health issues and important soil
to 10 million households in Africa by 2020.
constraints to crop production, particularly in the
Bio Cassava+: Project on Bio Cassava Plus initiative
developing countries.
started in 2009 by Donald Danforth Plant Science
Targeted Horticultural Crops Present Stats and
Center to target Nigeria, Kenya with 6 major
Future Projects
objectives namely to increase the minerals zinc and
Biofortification works have been practiced in
iron, vitamins A and E, protein contents and decrease
most of the horticultural crops like Banana, Cassava,
cyanogen content, delay postharvest deterioration,
Beans, Potato, Orange sweet potato (OSP), Cowpea,
and develop virus-resistant varieties. The scientists
Pumpkin etc. several conventional and transgenic
of Nigeria have developed three new yellow colour
varieties have been released.
varieties of cassava by hybridization and selective
Orange sweet potato (OSP): To increase targeted
breeding methods. The se varieties can produce
Pankaj Kumar Ray Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Saharsa, Bihar
Pallavi Bharti Research Scholar, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand
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higher amount of beta-carotene which helps to fight
there won’t be any heritable mixing of GM and non
against vitamin A malnourishment in the region and
GM cultivars in nature. Unfortified bananas have 0.4
release of the varieties will be in 2017.
mg/100 gm Fe of banana while the fortified banana
Potato: CIP (International centre for potato) started
would supplement this to 2.6 mg/ 100 grams. The bio
project on development of Fe rich potatos by
fortification of banana by increasing their beta
conventional biofortification method in 2009 and the
carotene (up to 20 ppm), alphatocopherol and iron
varieties will be release in 2017.
content. Biofortification works on banana will be
Cow pea: Pioneer research on bio-fortification of
beneficial where bananas are the major staple food
cow pea has initiated G.B. Pant University of
source and good consumer acceptance.
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Two
Beans: Iron (Fe) content in common bean is about
early maturing high iron and zinc fortified varieties
50 parts per million (ppm) and target
namely Pant Lobia-1 (82 ppm Fe and 40 ppm Zn),
biofortification of bean by conventional breeding is
Pant Lobia-2 (100 ppm Fe and 37 ppm Zn) has been
94 ppm, biofortified beans provide about 60% of the
developed by conventional plant breeding and
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Average
released in 2008 and 2010. Pant Lobia-3 (67 ppm Fe
bean yields in Rwanda. Non-biofortified beans
and 38 ppm Zn), Pant Lobia-4 (51 ppm Fe and 36
produce approximately 0.8 tons hectare-1 (bush and
ppm Zn) released in 2013 and 2014, respectively.
climbers combined) but biofortified bush beans yield
Brazil also released three varieties of high-iron
around 1.5 t ha-1 and biofortified climber beans 2-3 t
cowpeas, developed by Embrapa, in 2008 and 2009
ha-1. Among the different varieties released in
and bio availability.
Rwanda in 2012 and 2014 MAC-42 from CIT
Nutri banana: Breeding banana/plantain (Musa) is
contains 91 ppm iron and ability to resistance against
complex, as commercial varieties are sterile triploids
anthracnose and bean common mosaic virus and
(3X). Among the fertile groups, a high degree of
ability to produce 3.5 t ha-1.
cross incompatibility can exist. Further, the Musa
Conclusion:
crop cycle is long. Genetic engineering method of
conventional breeding methods or by modern
biofortification is suitable for banana because most
biotechnological tools, are not a solution for
of the edible bananas are vegetative propagated and
malnourishment. The ultimate aim in global nutrition
transgene outflow are minimum and therefore
remains a sufficient and diverse diet for the world’s
genetically modified bananas can be grown
population.
alongside non-GM bananas in the same field. Also
complement existing micronutrients interventions;
since the GM bananas are sterile, the existing
can have a significant impact on the lives and health
diversity of bananas in India will not be affected and
of millions of people, especially those most in need.
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Biofortified
However,
crops,
biofortified
either
crops
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
in
by
can
145
Innovative Appraoches for Soil Health Pallavi Bharti and Pankaj Kumar Ray Numerous activities in a healthy soil promote plant growth, such as nutrient cycling and biological
-rt plant growth and regulate environmental quality. What is soil health?
control of plant pests. These days, soil health is a
“Soil health” can be described as “the state of
popular topic that is deservedly gaining a lot of
the soil being in sound physical, chemical, and
attention from growers and their farm advisors. The
biological condition, having the ability to sustain the
biology of the soil is crucial to its general health and
growth and development of land plants.” The
productivity, contrary to previous research that
capacity of soil to function as a vital living system,
placed a greater emphasis on chemical and physical
within ecological and land-use boundaries, to
factors in soil testing and evaluation. In order to
support plant and animal productivity, improve water
increase the resilience of their working land,
and air quality, and promote plant and animal health
producers can work with the ground rather than
is a precise definition of soil health.
against it by managing for soil health.
New approach
Soil health: Why should we care?
1. Mitigate impact on soil health: Encourage
Producing enough food to support an
integrated pest management (IPM). Use of
expanding human population is impossible without
targeted and synthetic biocide. Support tactics of
productive and healthy soil. Around the world, there
non-chemical control. Protection from natural
are numerous degraded soils that are no longer
enemies.
productive and can only be restored to a productive
2. Management of soil environment to enhance
state by using soil health principles. According to
pest
global trends, soil degradation is responsible for a
community can be managed in combination with
consistent reduction in productivity on 20% of
genetics to harness the disease and pest attack.
cropland, 16% of forest land, 19% of grassland, and
Predator-prey interaction and nutrient cycling is
27% of rangeland. It is imperative to generate a crop
desirable such as pheromones, semi chemicals,
and soil management system that enhances and
non-lethal synthetic molecule, etc.
and
diseases
resistance:
The
soil
retains soil health over time by understanding how
3. Conservation management practices: Cover
control strategies affect the soil processes that suppo-
crops, reduced tillage and diversified cropping
Pallavi Bharti Research Scholar, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Pankaj Kumar Ray Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Saharsa, Bihar
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system can be incorporated during cropping
use of liming materials in acidic soil results in
season. Utilization of on-farm innovation and
decrease in the poisonous concentration of metal
local management techniques. Combat the pest
elements like Fe, Mn, and Al, an increase in the
challenges through innovative approaches that
availability of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium,
frequently occur with soil-health based practices.
and potassium as well as an increase in the activity
4. Sources of Nutrient Diversification: Plants can
and variety of soil microbes.
get the nutrients they require from the soil naturally or by applying them externally in the form
of
organic,
inorganic,
or
microbial
inoculants. The utilization of green and brown manure has a significant and positive effect on soil health
with
their
contribution
to
yield
improvement and saving on the application of chemical fertilizers. 5. Integrated Farming System for Resource Cycling: The utilization of farm resources and their reuse in production systems can be made possible by the integrated farming system (IFS) strategy, which involves the integration of multiple businesses that support the primary business. Farmers can easily accept this resourcecycling through IFS because it is associated with financial gain, and the alternative also improves soil health. 6. Utilization of effective soil amendments: By improving soil properties like aggregation, porosity,
and
infiltration
rate,
replacing
exchangeable sodium concentration from exchange complexes and bringing the pH in the neutral range, the application of soil amendments for the correction of sodic soil has a significant and beneficial impact on the health of the soil. The E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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Organic Waste Recycling: A Potential Means to Enhance Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Crop Productivity Aanchal, Sanjay K Sharma and Narender K Sankhyan Introduction
Organic Waste Recycling
Momentous increase in global population
Organic waste recycling is the process of
accompanied with urbanization and industrial
organic waste management where organic wastes are
progress has directly increased the rate of waste
recycled or converted into useful matter by different
generation. India generates 62 million tonnes of
recycling methods. Organic wastes are materials
waste every year, which predominantly contains
from living sources like plants, animals, and
enormous amount of organic wastes generated from
microorganisms that are biodegradable and can be
plant, animals and industrial activities in day to day
broken down into simpler organic molecules. The
life. Unwise and non-scientific disposal of wastes
most common sources of organic wastes include
like dumping not only poses a great threat to
agriculture, household activities, and industrial
environmental quality but also results in loss of
products.
economic value of wastes. Excessive use of chemical
Major sources of organic waste are municipal
fertilizers has a detrimental effect on soil health, crop
waste (kitchen waste, domestic waste, sewage and
productivity and environment. On the other hand,
waste from the food processing industry), and
since organic wastes are abundant pool of organic
agricultural & crop processing (crop and garden
matter and valuable plant nutrients, agricultural
waste, fruit waste, chicken and other animal manure)
recycling of these wastes appears to be a promising
etc. The objective of utilizing organic wastes in
alternative enabling value addition and their
agriculture is to maintain a sustainability cycle where
resourceful utilization. The recycling of organic
waste’s biodegradable organic fraction is converted
wastes for plant nutrient supply is becoming more
into useful organic manure or fertilizer through
important
different methods.
for
replenishing
plant
nutrients,
maintaining soil health, lowering the pollution issue, and creating employment opportunities due to the
Methods of Organic Waste Recycling Various methods of organic waste recycling
growing nutrient deficiency in crop fields, higher
include:
cost of synthetic fertilisers, and poor efficiency of
1. Animal feed: Feeding organic waste like crop
chemical fertilisers.
residues, kitchen waste, forage etc to animals is a simple and easy method of waste recycling. And Aanchal, Sanjay K Sharma and Narender K Sankhyan
Department of Soil Science, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur
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waste can be used as manure or in composting.
increment in crop yields. Carbon is critical to soil
2. Composting: It is the process of decomposition
function and productivity, and a main component of
of organic material where the organic material is
soil organic matter and thereby healthy soil
acted on by soil organisms resulting in the
conditions. Meena and Sharma (2016) in their study
recycling of soil nutrients into humus-rich
concluded that different fractions of soil carbon were
components.
higher in the plots which received organics and
3. Vermicomposting: It is a process in which the
inorganics (100% NPK + farm yard manure) as
earthworms convert the organic waste into
compared to the plots receiving only chemical
manure rich in high nutritional content.
fertilizers for 42 years. Also, nitrogen, phosphorus
4. Anaerobic
anaerobic
and potassium are primary macro nutrients present in
microorganisms like methanobacteria converts
the soil in different forms and inter conversion of one
different types of organic wastes into biogas and
form to another determines their availability to the
nutrient-rich residue.
plants. Wysocka (2019) from his study confirmed
5. Pyrolysis:
digestion:
It
is
the
In
this,
process
of
thermal
that the addition of the digestate obtained through
decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-
anaerobic digestion of maize silage supplied the soil
free environment under the temperature range of
with nitrogen in ammonical form, which is rapidly
250-900° C and converting the waste biomass into
transformed to the nitrate form at a higher rate as
value-added products like biochar, bio-oil, syngas
compared to control soil. In another study, Sharma et
etc.
al. (2009) stated that lantana incorporation at rates
6. Pelletization: It is the process of compressing
varying from 10 to 30 t ha-1 significantly increased
biomass by mechanical pressure and ideal size is
the content in various phosphorus fractions as
around 5 mm.
compared
to
control.
Potassium
saturation
Organic Waste Recycling and Nutrient Dynamics
percentage (KSP) has a significant role in potassium
Nutrient dynamics is broadly defined as the
release to soil solution and it was reported that KSP
way nutrients are taken up, retained, transferred, and
values increased significantly with application of
cycled over time and space, in an ecosystem. Soil is
wheat and corn biochar as compared to control
a major source of nutrients needed by plants for
(Rasuli et al., 2022).
growth. The cycling of plant nutrients through
Organic Waste Recycling and Crop Productivity
organic waste supplies a significant portion of
Organic waste additives in agricultural soils
nutrients to the growing crops. Carbon, nitrogen,
benefit crop production by enhancing physico-
phosphorous and potassium are required by the
chemical and microbiological activity. Stabilized
plants for their growth and development and thereby
organic wastes are used in agriculture to recycle
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Table 1: Effect of different organic wastes on growth and productivity responses in different plants (Sharma et al., 2019) Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Organic wastes
Amendment rates/doses
Test plant
Maximum increase in yield/biomass (%)
(a.) Chicken manure compost (CMC) (b.) Vermicompost (VC) (a.) Cattle manure VC (b.) Food wastes VC (c.) Paper wastes VC Stabilized anaerobic digestate (SAD) from wine distillery wastewater Fruit and vegetable solid waste VC (a.) Sewage sludge (SS) (b.) Solid waste composts Municipal solid waste (food, yard and paper) composts and vermicomposts
19 t ha-1 30 t ha-1
Tomato
74% increase in yield
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%
Petunia
62.5% increase (no. of flowers per plant)
140 kg ha-1 of Nitrogen
Lettuce
55.2% increase in yield
10 t ha-1 Both SS and compost @ 0.5% i.e. 5 g kg-1 soil 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100%
Lettuce
105.1% increase in yield
Rice
37% increase in yield
Green beans
78.3-89.5% higher fruit weight
organic material and provide useful plant nutrients.
Future thrust
The positive impact of organic waste application on
Studies on the potential risks associated with
the crop productivity is well documented. Table 1
recycling of contaminated urban wastes with
shows the effect of different organic wastes on
heavy metals accumulation on soil health and
growth and productivity responses in different
uptake by plants should be encouraged. Sound strategy is required to educate farmers
plants.
about the tremendous potential of alternative
Conclusions To sum up, enormous amount of organic
sources of organic amendments.
wastes available should be recycled for possible
References
utilization of the embedded nutrients of the wastes as
Meena, H.M. and Sharma, R.P. (2016). Long-term
it has significant contribution towards the soil
effect of fertilizers and amendments on
nutrient dynamics and crop productivity. Utilizing
different fractions of organic matter in an
organic wastes is an efficient substitute for inorganic
acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil
fertilisers since it gives the soil the necessary
Science and Plant Analysis, 47: 1430-1440
nutrients, functions as a soil conditioner, and
Rasuli, F., Owliaie, H., Najafi-Ghiri, M. and
improves soil quality. Therefore, it will be
Adhami, E. (2022). Effect of biochar on
advantageous to revive and restore the soil
potassium fractions and plant-available P,
productivity.
scientific
Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations of
advancement needs to be exploited for more
calcareous soils. Arid Land Research and
effective, economical and sustainable recycling of
Management, 36: 1-26
However,
diverse organic wastes.
recent
Sharma, B., Vaish, B., Singh, U.K., Singh, P. and Singh, R.P. (2019). Recycling of organic
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150
wastes in agriculture: an environmental perspective. International
Journal
of
Environmental Research 13: 409-429 Sharma, S., Verma, T.S. and Chander, G. (2009). Effect of long-term lantana addition on soil phosphorus fractions and their relationship with crop yield and phosphorus uptake in rice-wheat
cropping
in
North
West
Himalayan acid Alfisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 57: 161-166 Wysocka, C.A. (2019). Dynamics of nitrogen transformations in the soil fertilized with digestate
from
agricultural
biogas
plant. Journal of Ecological Engineering 20: 108-117
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Sclerotinia Stem Rot: A Major Concern for Mustard Growers Naresh, Mahavir Bishnoi and Kavita Introduction
Cause and Symptoms
Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern
The known causal organism for this disease
& Coss.] belongs to family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
is Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary which starts
and in India, it occupies second place in category of
infection from few centimetres above the base of
edible oilseed crop and occupies the foremost
stem as a water soaked spots which later turns into
position worldwide after China and Canada both in
white cottony growth.
acreage (19.3%) and production (11.3%) of brassica oilseeds. This crop occupies approximately 90% of the total area under oilseed brassica cultivation. It covers an area of 6.70 million ha with a production of 10.21 million tonnes and the average productivity -1
of 1524 kg ha
in India (2020-21) (Anonymous,
2021). Despite this, India has to import over 15 million tonnes of edible oil every year to bridge the demand-supply gap, making it the world's largest importer of edible oils. The major reason behind such huge import is the low productivity of oilseed crops in India. Productivity in Indian mustard is hampered by various biotic and abiotic stresses among which sclerotinia stem rot is particularly important in the current scenario of changing climatic conditions. As the climatic pattern is changing due to modernization and globalization, some of minor diseases are emerging as the major disease and one of them is stem rot which has become a major concern for the mustard growers.
As the disease progresses, affected portions of the stem develop a bleached appearance, and eventually the tissues shred. In addition to infection on the other plant parts, stem is most affected one which generally leads to its girdling and plant lodging resulting into major economic loss at the field level (Uloth et al., 2016). At the later stage, hard black bodies, the sclerotia, are formed inside the stem and sometimes on the stem surface. Mode of Infection The sclerotia of this pathogen has capability to induce infection in two different ways either soil borne (myceliogenic infection) or air borne (carpogenic infection). Myceliogenic infection cause damages at the base of stem, while carpogenic infection targets the leaves and siliquae.
Naresh and Kavita Research Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar
Mahavir Bishnoi Senior Research Fellow, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar
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2. Cultural Control: The disease can be managed by adopting cultural or agronomic practices like, deep summer ploughing, sowing of crop between Oct.16-31, use of healthy certified seeds, crop rotation with non host crops like wheat, barley and adoption of recommended package of practice. 3. Mechanical Control Disease Scoring
a) Burning of diseased crop debris of previous
A plant is designated as diseased plant if it has even a minute stem lesion. Lesovoi et al. (1987) gave disease scoring scale ranging from 0-4 (Table 1). Table 1. Disease score and severity of symptoms Disease Score 0 1 2 3 4
Severity of Symptoms No visible symptoms 0.1-2 cm lesion length on stem 2.1-4 cm lesion length on stem 4.1-6 cm lesion length on stem > 6 cm lesion length on stem or complete dried plant
Integrated Disease Management (IDM)
crop. b) Roughing out of diseased plants before the formation of sclerotial bodies. c) After harvesting and threshing, if sclerotial bodies are present with the seeds then either handpicked or winnow the seeds. 4. Biological Control: The use of biological tactics have potential in managing the disease efficiently either through soil incorporation of mixture
Any disease can be best controlled by using
Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride based
multiple means which are complementary to each
product @ 2.5 kg ha-1 pre-incubated in 50 kg of
other as these methods provide opportunity to
farm yard manure ha-1 at the time of preparation
maintain the ecological balance to the possible
of field or seed treatment with mixture of T.
extent. So, more focus should be given on integrated
harzianum and T. viride @10 g kg-1 seeds.
disease management rather than reliance on single method. Important components of IDM are regular monitoring, cultural, biological, mechanical means of disease management and intelligent usage of fungicides. 1. Monitoring: The monitoring of the field should be done in the middle of the February as the
5. Chemical Control a) Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2 g kg-1 seed is effective b) Need based drenching with carbendazim @ 2 g lt-1. of water is effective c) Need based spray of carbendazim @ 2 g lt-1 of water in standing crop is effective.
disease appears in the month of the February.
5. Resistant Varieties: Complete resistance has not
Inspections should also be carried out at the
been found in the Indian mustard genotypes but
collateral and alternate hosts.
research is going on for detection of resistant
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source most probably crop wild relatives and their further introgression in the cultivated genotypes through conventional or modern approaches. References Anonymous
(2021).
Area,
production
and
productivity of rapeseed and mustard in India (1950-1951
to
2021-2022-3rd
advance
estimates). Indiastat, https://www.indiastat. com. Lesovoi, M.P., Parfenyuk, A.I. and Kondrafyuk, O.K. (1987). A method of identifying and selecting resistant to pathogen of white rot and grey mould. Mikaollogiya Fitopathologiya, 21: 273-276. Uloth, M.B., Clode, P.L., You, M.P., and Barbetti, M.J. (2016). Attack modes and defence reactions
in
pathosystems
involving
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Brassica carinata, B.
juncea
and
B.
napus. Annals
of
Botany, 117(1): 79-95.
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Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme Smita Singh, Dr. N. R. Meena and Shyam Ji Introduction
Objective of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme
Prime
Minister
Narendra
Modi
has
inaugurated a scheme for girls called Beti Bachao Beti Padhao. It is to save the girl child and educate the girl child all over India. The program was started on the 22nd of January, 2015 at Panipat. This scheme was initiated first especially in Haryana because this state has a very low female sex ratio (775/1000) all over the country. It has been effectively applied in a hundred districts across the country. It is to improve the status of girls in the country.
Improve the child sex ratio. Ensure
established for generating awareness and improving the efficiency of the welfare services intended for girls in India.Initially, this scheme was launched with funding of 100 crores and targeted mainly to the clusters in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Bihar, and Delhi. As per the 2012 reports of UNICEF, India ranked 41st among 195 countries and a population census of 2011, revealed that the population ratio of India is 919 females per 1000 of males. The BBBP scheme is also a sub scheme of launched
for
Strengthening
Interventions for Women’s Safety, Security and Empowerment.
and
women
Prevent
gender-biased,
sex
selective
elimination. Ensure survival and protection of the girl child. Encourage education and participation of the girl child Need for Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme
campaign under the Government of India that was
Shakti
equality
empowerment.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana is a
Mission
gender
The scheme was launched after the national census results for 2011 revealed detraction in key gender metrics - Child Sex Ratio (CSR) and Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB). CSR is defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys aged 0-6 years. This ratio has showcased a steady decline, from 945 in 1999 to 927 in 2001. This declined further to 918 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2011. Detailed evaluation of the decline showed that SRB was the principal factor. Dip in these ratios is a significant indicator of gender discrimination and women disempowerment, reflecting both pre-birth discrimination through gender-biased, sex selective abortion and post-birth discrimination by neglecting health, nutrition, and educational needs of the girl child.
Smita Singh and Shyam Ji Post Graduate Students, Department of Extension Education, ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya
Dr. N. R. Meena Assistant Professsor, Department of Extension Education, ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya
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Research concluded that the strong socio-cultural
among 195 countries. A 2011 Population Census
and religious preference for boys was the root cause
revealed that the population ratio of India in 2011
of the problem and this provided impetus for launch
was 943 females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio
of the BBBP initiative.
2011, however, indications an upward trend from the
Targeted Group of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
census 2001 data.
Scheme
Crime against Women on the rise
Primary: Pregnant mothers, parents, newly
Aborting of female foeticide by post
married couples, lactating mothers, and young
ultrasonic testing. Thus, this type of discrimination
married couples.
against girl infants resulted in a huge drop in the
Secondary: Diagnostic centers, private hospitals,
female population. Also, crimes and sex abuse, so on,
doctors, in-laws, nursing homes, adolescents, and
have been on a constant high. Back in the year 2014,
youth.
Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi spoke on the
Tertiary: General public, media, voluntary organizations,
women
SGHs,
event of International Day of the Girl Child. He
industry
highlighted on the abolition of female foeticide and
associations, medical associations, and religious
asked suggestions from the Indian citizens on
leaders.
MyGov.in portal.
Eligibility for the scheme The family should have a girl child below 10 years of age. There should be a Sukanya Samriddhi Account or SSA which has been opened in any Indian bank, in the name of the girl child in the family. The girl child should be a resident Indian. NRI citizens do not possess eligibility for the BBBP scheme.
Strategies of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Scheme To promote education and create equal value for the girl child through proper implementation of a sustained social mobilization and communication campaign. To focus and improve the issues of declination in CSR/SRB in public discourse which would be an indicator for good governance. To focus on gender critical districts and cities low
Reasons for Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Initiative
on CSR for intensive & integrated action and
Low child-sex ratio called for the launch of the
engaging with communities to challenge gender
scheme
stereotypes and social norms.
The Child Sex Ratio (CSR) census data for 0-
Adopting
innovative
interventions
by the
6 years was 933 girls per 1,000 boys in 2001, which
districts as per their local needs, context, and
declined to 918 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2011.
sensibilities.
UNICEF in 2012 Reported that India ranked 41st E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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156
programmes that are sufficiently responsive to the issues of gender and children’s rights. Impact of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme It is important to look for the benefit that ‘Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao’, is India’s most highprofile campaign. It is to empower the girl child in
Benefits of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme It promotes gender equality. It has reduced the biased behavior of parents and society toward a girl child. Enforcement of the PC and PNDT Act has banned the misuse of diagnostic technology. Girls and women are getting all the necessary
the country. Some major impacts are-
facilities to which they were denied.
Balancing sex ratios Bringing girl child rights into focus
It breaks gender stereotypes.
Achieving girl-child access to education.
It prevents female infanticides all over the
Beti
Bachao
Beti
Padhao
(BBBP):
country, which is one of the causes of the declining sex ratio.
Implementation The implementations are led by District collectors/Deputy commissioners at the district level through advocacy and national media
This has better ensured the safety and security of girls in the country. This scheme works so that every girl gets a proper education.
campaign. Focused multi-sectoral action in selected
Creating awareness among the people about the education and importance of girl children.
districts.
Enrolment of girls universally.
Anti-Natal Care registrations. Girl’s enrolment in schools. Construction of girl’s toilets in every school in all the districts. Governing Bodies The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana is a national initiative run jointly by the Ministry of Women & Child Development (MoWCD), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW) and Ministry
of
Human
The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme is an
Development
initiative by the Government of India to address the
(MoHRD). Each body is accountable for different
issues revolving around girl children in India. This
aspects of the scheme. Budgetary control and
initiative under the scheme have started giving fruit
administration of the BBBP falls under the
as the level of awareness among the people is
MoWCD’s purview.
increasing. Therefore, people now have a serious
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Resources
Conclusion
Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
157
impact to work for girl child upliftment in society. The success of this scheme will add tremendously to the economic growth of the country. This is due to the fact that India cannot afford to have a large part of its population remain neglected.
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Major Insect Pests of Mustard and their Mangement Nanu Ram Sharma, Manoj Kumar Gurjar and Bablu Sharma Introduction
Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped
Mustard is a most important oil seed crop
insects that have a pair of cornicles (wax-secreting
which is cultivated as Rabi crop and total production
tubes) projecting out from the fifth or sixth
68.87 million tonnes, it is the world’s second largest
abdominal segment. Wingless, female, aphids are
oilseed (Anon., 2021). India contributed 13.14
yellowish green, gray green or olive green with a
percent to global production with a total area of 6.23
white waxy bloom covering the body. The winged,
m ha, an output of 9.34 mt and a productivity of
female, adult aphids have a dusky green abdomen
-1
14.99 q ha . Rajasthan contributes 38.07 per cent
with dark lateral stripes separating the body
area and 43.69 per cent production to the nation. In
segments and dusky wing veins. Male aphids are
India, major mustard and rapeseed producing States
olive green to brown in color.
are Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Damaging symptoms
Pradesh, Gujarat, Assam, West Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra (Anon., 2019). Mustard is an important oilseed crop which is grown in subtropical as well as tropical countries in the world. India is the second largest producer of this crop in the world.
by many pests and diseases. Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima), painted (Bagrada
cruciferum),
leaf
from different parts of the plant i.e. inflorescence, leaf, stem, twig and pods as a result of which leaves acquire a curly appearance. In heavy infestation plant stunted, dries up resulting no pod and seed formation.
During the crop period, mustard is attacked
bug
Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap
Aphids secrete honeydew, which is responsible to the growth of black fungus known as “sooty mould” that hinders the photosynthesis.
minor
(Chromatomyia herticola), Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia oblique) and Leaf Webber (Crocidolomia binotalis) are among the insect pests (Sachan and Purwar, 2007). Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) Identification Nanu Ram Sharma and Manoj Kumar Gurjar Research Scholar, Department of Entomology, SKRAU, Bikaner
Bablu Sharma M.Sc. Student, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
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Sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima)
7 mm long and 3 to 4 mm broad at its widest area.
Identification
The upper surface has a mixture of black, white and
Eggs are spherical, about 0.5 mm in diameter, light bluish green in colour. Larva is greenish black
orange markings. Damaging symptoms
with wrinkled body and eight pairs of pro-legs.
Adults and nymphs suck sap from all parts of
Pupae are look like sand particle and have salivary
the plant. Young plants wilt and wither as a result of
secretions. Adults are orange bodied with smoky
the attack. Adult bugs excrete a resinous substance
transparent wings.
which spoils the pods. Quality and quantity (31%
Damaging symptoms
losses) of yield is affected when grown up plants are
The grubs alone are destructive. They bite holes into leaves preferring the young growth and
infected. Harvested crop in threshing floor is also infested.
skeletonize the leaves completely. Sometimes, even the epidermis of the shoot is eaten up although the seedlings succumb; the older plants, when attacked, do not bear seed.
Leaf Webber (Crocidolomia binotalis) Identification Caterpillar webs together the foliage and feeds on leaves. Caterpillar bears red head with Painted bug (Bagrada cruciferum) Identification Eggs are barrel shaped, initially white and turn orange with age. A single female can lay as
brown longitudinal stripes and rows of tubercles on the body. Pupation takes place in a cocoon within the webbed leaves. Pupal period is 14-40 days. Adult is small with light brownish forewings.
many as 100 eggs within 2 to 3 weeks. Nymphs are changing colour from bright orange to red with dark markings, gradually acquiring the colouration of the adult. Wings are gradually developed as the nymphs grow. Wing pads are visible in the last instar nymph. The adult bug is typically shield-shaped, 5 to
Damaging symptoms Newly hatched larvae feed initially on the chlorophyll of young leaves and later on older leaves, buds and pods, make webbings and live within. Severely attacked plants are defoliated. Seeds in the pods are eaten away.
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Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening. 3. Biological control Conserve bio-control agents such as Alophora spp. (tachinid fly) parasitizing eggs of painted bugs. 2 per cent Neem oil and 5 per cent Neem Seed Integrated Pest Management
Kernel Extract (NSKE) effective against the
1. Cultural control
mustard aphid
Early sowing to avoid damage due to pest attack.
Ladybird
beetles
viz.,
Coccinella
septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata,
Use yellow sticky traps for aphid control.
Hippodamia variegata and Cheilomones
Deep ploughing the soil to destroy eggs of
vicina are most eff cient pradators of the
painted bug. Irrigate the crop in IV week after sowing to reduce pest attack. Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be done. Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae of mustard saw fly. Apply irrigation in seedling stage for saw fly management because most of the larvae die due to drowning effect. 2. Mechanical control Destroy the affected part along with aphid population in the initial stage. Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages of insect do not reach the next year crop. The bugs usually congregate on the leaves and stem which can be jerked to dislodge them and killed in kerosene water. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
mustard aphid. Adult beetle may feed an average of 10 to 15 adult’s day-1. Several species of syrphid /hover fly ie., Sphaerophoria sp., Eristallis sp., Metasyrphis sp., Xanthogramma sp. and Syrphus spp. The braconid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae. The lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi. Predatory bird Motacilla cospica. A
number
of
entomogenous
fungi,
Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthora and Verticillium lecanii infect aphids Conserve Perilissus cingulator (parasitoids of the larvae), and the bacterium Serratia marcescens which infect the larvae of saw fly. 4. Chemical control Dimethoate 30% EC @ 264 ml in 200-400 l of water acre-1. Imidacloprid 70% WS @ 700 g per100 kg seeds. Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
161 Malathion EC 50% EC @ 600 ml in 200-400 l of water acre-1. Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 20-40 g in 200400 l of water acre-1. Chlorpyrifos 20 % EC @ 200 ml in 200-400 l of water acre-1. Reference Anonymous (2019). Agricultural statistics at a glance 2019. Govt. of India. Ministry of Agriculture
and
Farmers
Welfare.
Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Anonymous (2021). Worldwide oilseed production 2020/2021. Sachan, G. C., and Purwar, J. P. (2007). Integrated Insect Pest Management. Entomology: Novel Approaches, 399-423.
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Aerobic Rice Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Global climate change has potentially crucial
Poaceae, “Rice is Life” appropriately describes its
consequences for agricultural production and,
importance as food and nutritional security in the
consequently,
Land-use
Asian countries. Rice is grown in a wide range of
structures in most developing countries are not or
ecosystem viz; irrigated lowland rice ecosystem,
very little enough to cope with the impact of climate
rainfed lowland rice ecosystem, rainfed upland rice
change and are highly vulnerable. The farming
ecosystem and flood-prone rice ecosystem. The
conditions will deteriorate in many areas, low water
irrigated rice ecosystem cultivated on 80 million
quality, thermal stress, sea-level rise, floods, and
hectares area which accounts for a maximum of 75%
more intense tropical cyclones. Such a changing
share in total rice production in the world. But, the
climate has distressed the agriculture in many ways
rice cultivation is threatened by reduced water
and one such important stress is decrease in available
resources which further resulting in lowered rice
irrigation water. The situation further aided by
production. Rice serves as food for more than half of
drought, global warming, adverse climatic changes,
humanity which will be affected in a severe manner.
over-pumping of ground-water causing depletion in
It is predicted that by 2025 rice production will face
water resources. Growing water crisis is being a
physical water scarcity as well as economic water
major threat to traditional agriculture throughout the
scarcity due to the exhaustive use of water resources.
world. Irrigation for agriculture consumes 2/3 of the
An International Food Policy Research Institute
world’s fresh water. Among several irrigation-
(IFPRI) has forecasted that 15% decline irrigated
dependent crops, rice requires a huge amount of
rice yields in developing countries and 12 % rise in
water throughout its life cycle (3000-4000 litres of
rice price due to climate change by 2050.
global
food security.
water per kg of rice). The present-day water crisis
Currently, there are no economically viable
necessitates the adoption of water saving irrigation
means of increasing rice yield under such conditions.
technologies in agriculture. Technologies like
Developing aerobic rice plants combined with
saturated soil culture and alternate wetting and
drought-tolerant quality has been the most promising
drying
by
approach and being pursued to meet the demand for
researchers. But, these technologies reduce water
food in both developing and underdeveloped
inputs only at the expense of yield.
countries. Irrigation is applied when the soil becomes
are
receiving
renewed
attention
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a member of family
too dry, and the quantity of applied water is enough
Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Oilseed Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar
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163
to bring the soil to field capacity. Savings in
Varieties with a high deep-root weight to
irrigation water and increases in water productivity
shoot weight ratio exhibit enhanced drought
might be possible if rice could be grown under
resistance in upland. It is also adverting that the long
aerobic soil conditions like wheat and maize.
and thick root system of upland rice contributes
Aerobic
water
greatly to its drought resistance. Aerobic rice has the
requirements in rice production and is highly suitable
advantage of the drought-resistant characteristics of
for irrigated lowland rice with insufficient rainfall
upland varieties with the high yielding traits of
and favourable uplands with access to supplementary
lowland varieties, grown in irrigated and flooded
irrigation. However, rice is very sensitive to water
fields.
rice
is
concept
to
decrease
stress. Reducing water input for rice cultivation will
Aerobic rice varieties show adaptation to less
change the soil from submergence to greater
water usage by developing deeper root growth and
aeration, which may have profound and largely
more profusely root development in comparison to
unknown effects on the sustainability of the lowland
shallow roots of 5 inches in low land rice varieties,
rice ecosystem.
which help in better absorption of water thereby
The term “Aerobic rice”, was used for the
eliminating the need for waterlogging and non-
first time by International Rice Research Institute
methane emitting capabilities. Experiments on
(IRRI). It refers to a cultivation system in which rice
aerobic rice have shown that water requirement in
is dry direct seeded in well-tilled levelled fields with
aerobic rice was more than 50 per cent lower (only
uniform slope under unpuddeled, aerated and
470-650 mm) and water productivities were 64-88
unsaturated soil conditions. Aerobic rice is a
percent higher than the lowland rice. Root
sustainable rice production methodology for the
characteristics, such as density, length, and thickness
immediate future to address water scarcity and
and greater root penetration are important for aerobic
environmental safety in the scenario of global
rice varieties. In aerobic rice varieties, roots grow
warming. The aerobic rice varieties irrigated once in
deeper and more profusely in comparison to shallow
5-10 days, depending on the water holding capacity
roots in lowland rice varieties, which help in better
of the soil and could maintain rapid growth in soils
absorption of water thereby eliminating the need for
with moisture content at or below field capacity and
waterlogging and non-methane emitting capabilities.
can produce yields of 4-6 t ha-1 with a moderate
Aerobic rice system eliminates surface runoff,
application of fertilizers under such soil water
percolation and evaporation losses resulting in twice
conditions. The aerobic rice has 22-30% yield
the water productivity of flood irrigated rice. The
advantages over non-aerobic rice varieties under
emission of the greenhouse gases is greatly reduced
aerobic condition and 15-20% higher root biomass.
in aerobic rice cultivation.
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Scenario of Canola Quality Breeding and Strategies to Promote its Cultivation in India Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Oilseeds are among the major crops that are
sarson), gobhi sarson (B. napus L.), karan rai (B.
grown in the country apart from cereals. They share
carinata A. Braun.) and taramira (Eruca sativa
about 10% to the total value of all the agricultural
Mill.). They are the major source of edible oil in
commodities. Presently, oilseed crops account for
Indian diet. Some exotic species of Brassicas like
13% of gross cropped area. On the oilseeds map of
gobhi sarson (B. napus), Ethiopian mustard or karan
the world, India occupies a prominent position being
rai (B. carinata) and white mustard (Sinapis alba)
the fourth largest oilseed producing country in the
have been brought into cultivation in India. Out of
world after USA, China and Brazil. However, it is
these cultivars Indian mustard fits well in cropping
the third largest consumer of edible oils. Indian
system of rainfed areas. Other cultivars like brown
oilseeds sector considers a sum total of nine
sarson and yellow sarson are under cultivation over
commodities (seven edible, i.e., soybean, groundnut,
a limited area in the Eastern part of the country
rapeseed and mustard, sunflower, sesame, safflower
including North-Eastern States. Toria, a short
and two non-edible, i.e., castor and linseed). So far
duration crop is largely grown as a catch crop in tarai
as their contribution to vegetable oil is concerned,
part of UP, Haryana, Assam and Odisha. Gobhi
rapeseed and mustard tops the list followed by
sarson is under cultivation over a limited area in HP,
soybean.
J&K, Ladakh and Punjab under Irrigated ecologies.
Rapeseed-mustard comprises a group of
The rapeseed-mustard plants grow all over
seven cultivated oilseed Brassica of tribe Brassiceae
the world but their cultivation is mainly confined to
within the family Brassicaceae, can be grown in
India (6 million ha), China (7 million ha), Canada (8
diverse agroclimatic conditions ranging from north-
million ha), Germany, France, Australia, USA, etc.
eastern/north-western hills to down south under
while, majority of the countries grow rapeseed, India
irrigated/rainfed, timely/late-sown, saline soils and
has
mixed cropping. The different species are Indian
Rajasthan, MP, Haryana, UP and West Bengal
mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.], toria
contributes >80% of area and >85% of production of
(B. rapa L. var. toria), yellow sarson (B. rapa L. var.
mustard in India. Despite the premier position
yellow sarson), brown sarson (B. rapa L. var. brown
country holds in the global oilseed scenario, low
largest
area
under
mustard
cultivation.
Mahavir Bishnoi, Priyanka Walia, Anu, Annu Luhach and Rajbir Singh Khedwal Oilseed Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar
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productivity is one of the major concerns among
seed. ‘Canola’ quality varieties are presently
plant breeders in India. Against the world average of
developed from either or two species of Brassica
2194 kg ha-1, highest productivity of 4260 kg ha-1 of
napus and Brassica campestris. ‘Canola’ is a
European Union, followed by Canada having 2526
registered trade mark of Canadian Oil Association.
kg ha-1, the Indian average yield was only 1319 kg
The name ‘canola’ denotes the seed having 10 m long) and produce high biomass.
kg plant-1 season-1 and yield potential is 248.2-
Fruits are dark green in appearance with fractured
351.7 q ha-1.
stripe andconical in shape. E-ISSN: 2583-1755
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227
1
) and bears oval, light green fruits (3,200-3,500
fruits plant-1). Propagation and Planting Ivy gourd is propagated through vine cuttings
odated in the proportion. Ivy gourd attains heavy growth and requires a Mandap or Bower system and Bamboo poles. Nutrient Management
and tuberous roots. It is observed that thicker stem
Amount of fertilizers to be applied depends
cuttings from older shoots do better in respect of
on type of soil and fertility status of the soil. For
sprouting. About 85% sprouting is obtained under
average fertility soils, a general dose of 60 kg N, 40
polyhouse conditions in October-November with 30
kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 can be applied to get
cm long and 1.0-1.5 cm thick cuttings (Sarnaik et al.,
good fruit yield. Full dose of phosphorus, potassium
2001). For planting material production at least 20 m
and half of nitrogen should be applied as basal dose
isolation distance should be maintained from other
and remaining half dose of N can be given at monthly
varieties as well as between the blocks of male and
intervals in 4 split doses from June or July. In
female plants for production of foundation and
addition, 10 kg Farmyard manure per basin should be
certified grade planting materials. Efforts to multiply
applied along with basal dose of fertilizers.
ivy gourd through tissue culture of shoot tip,
Irrigation: Ivy gourd is irrigated at 5-7 days interval
hypocotyls, leaf and nodal explants have given
during summer. Proper irrigation should be done at
encouraging results (Gulati, 1998).
flowering and fruit setting. In water scarcity
Planting of ivy gourd is done by various
conditions use of 25 µm thick plastic mulches or farm
methods such as Raised bed method, Mount method,
refuge as organic mulch reduces requirement of
and Flatbed method etc. In these methods raised bed
water. Drip irrigation is best suited for getting higher
method is best suited for getting higher yield with
yield.
better quality of fruits. Planting is done with fresh or
Training and Pruning: Training of vine on bower
rooted cuttings. Stem cuttings with 12-15 cm long
system or vertical bamboo poles facilitates effective
and pencil thickness, having 5-6 leaves are taken and
pollination, thereby increasing fruit set and yield.
planted in basins of 60 cm diameter dug 3 m apart.
Incidences of insect-pest and diseases are low in
Pits are filled with a mixture of soil and 5 kg well
bower system. Regular yearly pruning keeps Ivy
rotten Farmyard manure. About 2-3 stem cuttings are
gourd fruitful and makes it highly profitable. New
transplanted 3 cm deep in each basin. Planting is
plants are pruned from shoot tips to get two to three
done between July-February. About 3,500 cuttings
shoots at 25-30 days after planting. Intensive pruning
are required to raise one-hectare crop with a spacing
gives good responses in old plants. New growth
of 3 m x 3 m. As it is a dioecious crop, for good fruit
comes on pruned vines from February onwards that
set normally 5-10% male plants should be accomm-
are tied with rope to facilitate creeping and trailing.
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228
Ivy gourd is pruned during Mid-November in central
fruits at both immature and mature stages, but near
and northern India After pruning vines should be
ripening, the fruits become more susceptible to
treated with Bordeaux paste.
infection. Spray the crop with Penconazole 0.05%,
Weeding: Ivy gourd is a perennial crop with deep-
Carbendazim 0.1%, Benlate 0.2% and Difplatan
root system, thus, intercultural operations play an
0.3% at 10-day intervals is effective against fruit
important role in flowering and fruiting of the crop.
rot.
Two or three hoeings are essential to keep the weeds
3. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum): Wilt is a soil born
down and provide better aeration into the soil near
fungal disease, which can occur at any stage of
root zone for better growth and yield.
plant growth. The pink colour mycelia growth can be observed by digging the roots. Brown colour
Plant Protection Ivy gourd is affected by various diseases and
translocation of nutrients is stopped. In older
insect pests which are following:
plants, vein clearing and leaf epinasty are often
Diseases of Ivy gourd 1. Powdery
Mildew
lining is developed inside the roots and
(Podosphaera
xanthii):
followed by stunting, yellowing of the lower
Whitish or dirty grey, powdery growth on foliage,
leaves, formation of adventitious roots, wilting of
stems and young growing parts. The superficial
leaves and young stems, defoliation, marginal
growth ultimately covers the entire leaf area. The
necrosis of remaining leaves, and finally death of
diseased areas turn brown and dry leading to
the entire plant.
premature defoliation and death. For the control of
4. Watermelon
mosaic
virus
(WMV):
The
powdery mildew, spray of Karathane @ 6 g/10
symptoms appear on leaves as curling mosaic or
Lwater or bavistin @ 1 g ltr-1 of water is given
mottling accompanied by green vein banding and
when the first initial symptoms appear. The sprays
reduction in leaf size. Sometimes, the petiole and
will have to be repeated at least thrice, at 5-6 days
internodes length become short. It is transmitted
interval.
by transmitted by sap-sucking insect. This virus
2. Fruit rot (Colletotrichum destructivum): The
inhibits the nutrients transmission in plant system.
symptoms first appear as light brown circular
Since this crop is commercially propagated by
spots on the leaves, which later turn to deep brown
stem cuttings, transmission through seed is
and become brittle. Elongated lesions are
irrelevant. Spray the crop with Imidacloprid @ 3
observed on stem and circular to oval sunken
ml /10 ltr of water or Dimethoate 0.1% at regular
lesions on fruits. Pathogen attacks all above
intervals to reduce the vector population.
ground plant parts especially the newly emerged
Insect pest of Ivy gourd
shoots, fruits and tendril. This disease infects
1. White fly (Bactrocera ciliatus): The most serious
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229
insect of ivy gourd is fruit fly. For oviposition,
mould grows very fast, which reduces the
soft and tender fruits are preferred. After hatching,
photosynthetic activity of the plant, resulting in
the maggots feed inside the fruits, causing
stunted growth. It also acts as vector for the
decaying. Infested fruits become unfit for
transmission of mosaic virus.
consumption and drop quickly for the control of
4. Thrips
(Scirtothrips
dorsalis):
Thrips
are
white fly grow early maturing resistant variety,
wingless tiny insects, which live in soil and suck
collect and dump the infested fruits deep into the
cell sap from tender portion of the plant. Both
soil and spray of 0.1% Fenthion three to five times
adults and nymphs cause damage. Its severe
at 10-15 day intervals is effective. Install poison
infestation is expressed as yellowish pin dot like
baits containing 6 parts ripe banana pulp + 4 parts
spots on foliage. As a result, the plant becomes
protein hydrolysate + 1 part malathion in the field
weak and stunted.
to trap the male flies.
For the control of sucking pest like Aphid and
2. Red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveciollis
Thrips, spray the crop with Imidacloprid @ 40 µg
lucas): Red pumpkin beetle is the most damaging
liter-1 or monocrotophos 35 EC @ 1.5 ml litre-1 of
and widely distributed insect of ivy gourd. It
water at an interval of 15-20 days is effective.
attacks more in spring-summer when the leaves
Harvesting: Ivy gourd starts flowering and fruiting
and shoots are very tender. Its incidence is much
10-12 weeks after planting and fruiting continues for
more in plain areas than in hilly tracts. After
8 to 10 months. The fruits are harvested at a stage
hatching, the grubs start feeding on tender leaves
when they are fully grown and start changing their
and underground portion of the plant. After
colour from dark green to light green. Normally, the
emerging from the soil, the beetles feed on foliage
plant starts fruiting from February onwards and
and holes of different size. When the infestation is
continues up to November, though the highest yield
severe, only the veins skeleton is left. Adopt
can be obtained between July and November.
cultural practices for the control of beetle.
However, the fruit yield is very low in regions where
3. Aphid (Aphis gossypii): Aphid is the most
winter is relatively severe. Under north Indian
damaging insect of ivy gourd. In northern parts of
conditions, it gives fruits only once a year, whereas,
the country, it becomes very active during spring
under south and central Indian conditions plant
months. Its nymphs and adults live in large
growth is continuously.
colonies on tender leaves and newly emerged
Yield: Under ideal conditions, approximately 15-20
shoots and suck cell sap from tender portion of
kg of fruits can be harvested vine-1 year-1. Its average
plant. The aphids exude a copious quantity of
yield varies from 120 to 140 q ha-1 in the first year
honeydew-like substance, on which the sooty
and 300-400 q ha-1 in the second and third year; how-
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ever, adopting bower system its yield potential can be realized up to1300 q ha-1. These fruits can be transported to long distances or stored for up to 2 weeks at room temperature. References Bose, T. K., Kabir, J., Maithy, T. K., Parthasarathy, V. A. and Som, M. G. (2002). Vegetable crops. Naya Prokash, Culcutta. Pp. 582-583. Chadda, K. L. (2019). Handbook of Horticulture vol. - 1. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture ICAR, pp 553-554. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C. (1986). Glossary
of
Indian
Medicinal
plants
(including the supplement). CSIR, New Delhi. Das A. (1976-77). Bitters and diabetes. Indian Drugs, 14: 168-169. Gopalkrishanan, T. R. (2020). Vegetable crops. New India
Publishing
Agency.
Horticulture
Science Series, 4(12): 259-269. Peter,
K.
V.
(2007).
Underutilized
and
Underexploited Horticultural crops. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi-110 088. Vol. 1, pp 275-282. Rana, M. K. (2018). Vegetable Crop Science. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, pp 489-499.
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Success Story of Dr. Sharvan Kumar Yadav
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232
Entrepreneurship in Vermicompost Production for Better Income and Livelihood Dr. Sharwan Kumar Yadav Introduction An
with the size of 30 ft x 4 ft x 1.5 ft (each bed).
entrepreneurship
in
the
field
of
Results
vermicomposting was developed which followed a
In beginning I faced social and economic
process of idea, product initiation technology
constraints, but now I have 1000 vermicompost
standardization identification of business opportu-
vermibeds. I am using social platform like You
nity & marketing strategies, Dr. Sharvan Kumar
Tube, Facebook, Telegram, Instagram, Media and
Yadav after doing Ph.D. explored the academic &
Newspaper
business opportunity from belong to Village-
vermiwash and earthworm. I have my own You
Sunderpura, Tehsil- Kishangargh Renwal, District-
Tube channel named “Dr Organic Farming” where
Jaipur, Rajasthan. During covid-19 pandemic, when
I have uploaded more than 200 hundred videos
everything was closed, he started an agri-business
which are informative and understandable for
activity to utilize experience in Organic farming, I
farmers. My You Tube channel is subscribed by
analysed that there
is a huge demand of
25000 and viewed by 3 million persons. My success
vermicompost, so I decided to open a vermicompost
story has been published in Danik Bhaskar,
production unit.
Rajasthan Patrika, Aaj Tak News, The Better India,
Methodology
New 24, Gujrat Samachar, India Times Hindi, Amar
During my M.Sc. and Ph.D. programme, I learned practical aspects about different organic
for
marketing
of
vermicompost,
Ujala, Hello Kisan, Farm and Food Magazine, Haldhar Times etc.
inputs under mentorship of Dr. S. K. Sharma,
My unit provide best quality vermicompost,
Director Research, MPUAT, Udaipur and worked as
vermiwash and earthworm to farmers. I give about
Senior Research Fellow in ICAR-All India Network
2000 to 2500 earthworm to farmers in 1 kg and if a
Project on Organic Farming, MPUAT, Udaipur for
farmer takes earthworm from somewhere else, he
six years, where I involved in many training
gets only about 300 to 400 earthworms in a kg. My
programmes and learned scientific knowledge about
contact number is 7976996775.
methodology and application/utilisation of all
Impact
organic inputs and got the idea at this centre. In initial phase, I started business with 17 vermibeds
I provided employment to nine persons per year from my village. My father was awarded “Best
Dr. Sharvan Kumar Yadav Senior Research Fellow in Organic Farming Project, MPUAT, Udaipur
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233
Organic Farmer” at District level in Jaipur district in 2021 by the Hon’ble Agriculture Minister, Rajasthan
Government
and
Hon'ble
Vice-
Chancellor of Sri Karan Narendra Agricultural University, Jobner, (Raj). My father was also awarded State Level “Best Organic Farmer in Rajasthan state” by the Hon’ble Chief Minister, Rajasthan Government. My farm annual turnover is Rs. 25 lakhs.
Free training to all Indian farmers
My father awarded Best organic farmer in Rajasthan State by Hon’ble Chief Minister, Shri Ashok Gehlot Ji Message to farmers: Plan purposefully on your idea and pursue to achieve your goals with quality of your business and work.
Best organic farmer Award in Rajasthan State
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Volume-2, Issue-3, January, 2023
